References

ACPD

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions

ACPD

1680-7375

Copernicus GmbH

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/acpd-11-10769-2011

Projections of UV radiation changes in the 21st century: impact of ozone recovery and cloud effects

Bais

A. F.

¹ Tourpali

¹ Kazantzidis

² Akiyoshi

³ Bekki

⁴ Braesicke

⁵ Chipperfield

M. P.

⁶ Dameris

⁷ Eyring

⁷ Garny

⁷ Iachetti

⁸ Jöckel

⁷ Kubin

⁹ Langematz

⁹ Mancini

⁸ Michou

¹⁰ Morgenstern

¹¹ Nakamura

³ Newman

P. A.

¹² Pitari

⁸ Plummer

D. A.

¹³ Rozanov

¹⁴ ¹⁵ Shepherd

T. G.

¹⁶ Shibata

¹⁷ Tian

⁶ Yamashita

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Physics, Thessaloniki, Greece

University of Patras, Department of Physics, Patras, Greece

National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan

Service d'Aeronomie, Institut Pierre-Simone Laplace, Paris, France

University of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK

Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, University of Leeds, UK

Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany

Università L'Aquila, Dipartimento di Fisica, L'Aquila, Italy

Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Meteorologie, Berlin, Germany

GAME/CNRM (Météo-France, CNRS), Toulouse, France

National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Lauder, New Zealand

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA

Environment Canada, Victoria, BC, Canada

Physical-Meteorological Observatory Davos/World Rad. Center, Davos, Switzerland

Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science ETH, Zurich, Switzerland

University of Toronto, Department of Physics, Canada

Meteorological Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan

06 04 2011

11 4 10769 10797

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Surface erythemal solar irradiance (UV-Ery) from 1960 to 2100 has been derived using radiative transfer calculations and projections of ozone, temperature and cloud change from 14 chemistry climate models (CCM), as part of the CCMVal-2 activity of SPARC. Our calculations show the influence of ozone depletion and recovery on erythemal irradiance. In addition, we investigate UV-Ery changes caused by climate changes due to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. The latter include effects on both stratospheric ozone and cloud changes. The derived estimates provide a global picture of the likely changes in erythemal irradiance during the 21st century. Uncertainties arise from the assumed scenarios, different parameterizations – particularly of cloud effects on UV-Ery – and from the diversity in the CCM projections. The calculations suggest that relative to 1980 annually mean UV-Ery in the 2090s will be on average ~12% lower at high latitudes in both hemispheres, ~3% lower at mid latitudes, and marginally higher (~1%) in the tropics. The largest reduction (~16%) is projected for Antarctica in October. Cloud effects result in additional 2–3% reduction in UV-Ery at high latitudes, but they slightly moderate it at mid-latitudes (~1%). The year of return of erythemal irradiance to values of certain milestones (1965 and 1980) depends largely on the return of column ozone to the corresponding levels and is associated with large uncertainties mainly due to the spread of the model projections. The inclusion of cloud effects in the calculations has only a small effect of the return years. At mid and high latitudes, changes in clouds and stratospheric ozone dynamics due to greenhouse gases will sustain the erythemal irradiance at levels below those in 1965, despite the removal of ozone depleting substances. At high northern latitudes, the projected decreases in cloud transmittance towards the end of the 21st century will likely reduce the yearly average surface erythemal irradiance by up to 10% with respect to the 1960s.

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