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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ACPD</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ACPD</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1680-7375</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus GmbH</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/acpd-10-785-2010</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Impact of brown and clear carbon on light absorption enhancement, single  scatter albedo and absorption wavelength dependence of black carbon</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Lack</surname>
<given-names>D. A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Cappa</surname>
<given-names>C. D.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division,  325 Broadway, Boulder, 80304, CO, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences,  University of Colorado, 216 UCB, Boulder, 80309, CO, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of  California, Davis, California, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>15</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>10</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>785</fpage>
<lpage>819</lpage>
<permissions>
<license xlink:type="simple">
<license-p>This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
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<abstract>
<p>The presence of clear coatings on atmospheric black carbon (BC) particles is
known to enhance the magnitude of light absorption by the BC cores. Based on
calculations using core/shell Mie theory, we demonstrate the enhancement of
light absorption (&lt;i&gt;E&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;Abs&lt;/sub&gt;) by atmospheric black carbon (BC) when
coated in mildly absorbing material (C&lt;sub&gt;Brown&lt;/sub&gt;) is reduced, relative
to the enhancement by non-absorbing coatings (C&lt;sub&gt;Clear&lt;/sub&gt;). This
reduction, sensitive to C&lt;sub&gt;Brown&lt;/sub&gt; shell thickness and imaginary
refractive index (RI), can be up to 50% for 400 nm radiation and 25%
averaged across the visible radiation spectrum for reasonable core/shell
diameters. The enhanced direct radiative forcing possible due to the
enhancement effect of C&lt;sub&gt;Clear&lt;/sub&gt; is therefore reduced if the coating is
absorbing. Additionally, the need to explicitly treat
      BC as an internal, as opposed to external, mixture with C&lt;sub&gt;Brown&lt;/sub&gt; is shown to be
      important to the calculated single scatter albedo only whensub models treat BC as large
      spherical cores (&gt;50 nm). For smaller BC cores (or fractal agglomerates) consideration
      of the BC and C&lt;sub&gt;Brown&lt;/sub&gt; as an external mixture leads to relatively small errors in
      the particle single scatter albedo of &lt;0.03. It is often assumed that observation of an
      absorption Angstrom exponent (AAE) &gt;1 indicates non-BC absorption. Here, it is shown that
      BC cores coated in C&lt;sub&gt;Clear&lt;/sub&gt;can reasonably have an AAE of up to 1.6, a result that
      complicates the attribution of observed light absorption to C&lt;sub&gt;Brown&lt;/sub&gt; within ambient
      particles. However, an  AAE&lt;1.6 does not exclude the possibility of
C&lt;sub&gt;Brown&lt;/sub&gt;, rather C&lt;sub&gt;Brown&lt;/sub&gt; cannot be confidently assigned
unless AAE&gt;1.6. Comparison of these results to some ambient AAE
data shows that large-scale attribution of C&lt;sub&gt;Brown&lt;/sub&gt; is a challenging
task using current in-situ measurement methods. We suggest that coincident
measurements of particle core and shell sizes along with the AAE may be
necessary to distinguish absorbing and non-absorbing OC.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="35"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
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