<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/inc/acpd/copernicus.dtd">
<article language="en">
	<journal>
		<journal_title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions</journal_title>
		<journal_url>www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net</journal_url>
		<issn>1680-7367</issn>
		<eissn>1680-7375</eissn>
		<volume_number>10</volume_number>
		<issue_number>2</issue_number>
		<publication_year>2010</publication_year>
	</journal>
	<doi>10.5194/acpd-10-3423-2010</doi>
	<article_url>http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/10/3423/2010/</article_url>
	<abstract_html>http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/10/3423/2010/acpd-10-3423-2010.html</abstract_html>
	<fulltext_pdf>http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/10/3423/2010/acpd-10-3423-2010.pdf</fulltext_pdf>
	<start_page>3423</start_page>
	<end_page>3456</end_page>
	<publication_date>2010-02-09</publication_date>
	<article_title content_type="html">Detection of dust aerosol by combining CALIPSO active lidar and passive IIR measurements</article_title>
	<authors>
		<author numeration="1" affiliations="1">
			<name>B. Chen</name>
			<email>hjp@lzu.edu.cn</email>
		</author>
		<author numeration="2" affiliations="1">
			<name>J. Huang</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="3" affiliations="2">
			<name>P. Minnis</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="4" affiliations="2">
			<name>Y. Hu</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="5" affiliations="3">
			<name>Y. Yi</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="6" affiliations="4">
			<name>Z. Liu</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="7" affiliations="1">
			<name>D. Zhang</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="8" affiliations="1">
			<name>X. Wang</name>
		</author>
	</authors>
	<affiliations>
		<affiliation numeration="1" content_type="html">College of Atmospheric Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="2" content_type="html">NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, 23666, USA</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="3" content_type="html">Science Systems and Applications Incorporated, Hampton, VA, 23666, USA</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="4" content_type="html">National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, VA, 23666, USA</affiliation>
	</affiliations>
	<abstract content_type="html">The version 2 Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite
Observations (CALIPSO) dust layer detection method, which is based only on
lidar measurements, misclassified about 43% dust layers (mainly dense dust
layer) as cloud layers over the Taklamakan Desert. To address this problem,
a new method was developed by combining the CALIPSO Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with
Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) and passive Infrared Imaging Radiometer
(IIR) measurements. This combined lidar and IR measurement (hereafter, CLIM)
method uses the IIR tri-spectral IR brightness temperatures to discriminate
between ice cloud and dense dust layers, and lidar measurements alone to
detect thin dust and water cloud layers. The brightness temperature
difference between 10.60 and 12.05 &amp;mu;m (BTD11-12) is typically
negative for dense dust and generally positive for ice cloud, but it varies
from negative to positive for thin dust layers, which the CALIPSO lidar
correctly identifies. Results show that the CLIM method could significantly
reduce misclassification rates to as low as ~7% for the active dust
season of spring 2008 over the Taklamakan Desert. The CLIM method also
revealed 18% more dust layers having greatly intensified backscatter
between 1.8 and 4 km altitude over the source region compared to the CALIPSO
version 2 data. These results allow a more accurate assessment of the effect
of dust on climate.</abstract>
	<references>
		<reference numeration="1" content_type="text"> Ackerman,~S A.: Remote sensing aerosols using satellite infrared observations, J Geophys. Res., 102(D14), \doi10.1029/96JD03066, 17069-17079, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="2" content_type="text"> Albrecht,~B A.: Aerosols, cloud microphysics, and fractional cloudiness, Science, 245, 1227–1230, 1989. </reference>
		<reference numeration="3" content_type="text"> Chen,~Y., Mao,~X., Huang,~J., Zhang,~H., Tang,~Q., Pan,~H., and Wang,~C.: Vertical distribution characteristics of aerosol during a~long-distance transport of heavy dust pollution, China Environ. Sci., 29(5), 449–454, 2009. </reference>
		<reference numeration="4" content_type="text"> Darmenov,~A. and Sokolik,~I N.: Identifying the regional thermal-IR radiative signature of mineral dust with MODIS, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L16803, \doi10.1029/2005GL023092, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="5" content_type="text"> El-Askary,~H., Gautam,~R., Singh,~R P., and Kafatos,~M.: Dust storms detection over the Indo-Gangetic basin using multi sensor data, Adv. Space Res., 37, 4, 728–733, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="6" content_type="text"> Ge,~J., Huang,~J., Weng,~F., and Sun,~W.: Effects of dust storms on microwave radiation based on satellite observation and model simulation over the Taklamakan desert, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 4903–4909, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="7" content_type="text"> Generoso,~S., Bey,~I., Labonne,~M., and Br&apos;eon,~F M.: Aerosol vertical distribution in dust outflow over the Atlantic: comparisons between GEOS-Chem and Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO), J Geophys. Res., 113, D24209, \doi10.1029/2008JD010154, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="8" content_type="text"> Huang,~J., Lin,~B., Minnis,~P., Wang,~T., Wang,~X., Hu,~Y., Yi,~Y., and Ayers,~J K.: Satellite-based assessment of possible dust aerosols semidirect effect on cloud water path over East Asia, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L19802, \doi10.1029/2006GL026561, 2006a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="9" content_type="text"> Huang,~J., Minnis,~P., Lin,~B., Wang,~T., Yi,~Y., Hu,~Y., Sun-Mack,~S., and Ayers,~K.: Possible influences of Asian dust aerosols on cloud properties and radiative forcing observed from MODIS and CERES, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L06824, \doi10.1029/2005GL024724, 2006b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="10" content_type="text"> Huang,~J., Minnis,~P., Yi,~Y., Tang,~Q., Wang,~X., Hu,~Y., Liu,~Z., Ayers,~K., Trepte,~C., and Winker,~D.: Summer dust aerosols detected from CALIPSO over the Tibetan Plateau, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L18805, \doi10.1029/2007GL029938, 2007a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="11" content_type="text"> Huang,~J., Ge,~J., and Weng,~F.: Detection of Asia dust storms using multisensor satellite measurements, Remote Sens. Environ., 110, 186–191, 2007b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="12" content_type="text"> Huang,~J., Minnis,~P., Chen,~B., Huang,~Z., Liu,~Z., Zhao,~Q., Yi,~Y., and Ayers,~J.: Long-range transport and vertical structure of Asian dust from CALIPSO and surface, J Geophys. Res., 113, D23212, \doi10.1029/2008JD010620, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="13" content_type="text"> Huang,~J., Fu,~Q., Su,~J., Tang,~Q., Minnis,~P., Hu,~Y., Yi,~Y., and Zhao,~Q.: Taklamakan dust aerosol radiative heating derived from CALIPSO observations using the Fu-Liou radiation model with CERES constraints, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 4011–4021, 2009. </reference>
		<reference numeration="14" content_type="text"> Husar,~R B., Tratt,~D M., Schichtel,~B A., Falke,~S R., Li,~F., Jaffe,~D., Gassó,~S., Gill,~T., Laulainen,~N S., Lu,~F., Reheis,~M C., Chun,~Y., Westphal,~D., Holben,~B N., Gueymard,~C., McKendry,~I., Kuring,~N., Feldman,~G C., McClain,~C., Frouin,~R J., Merrill,~J., DuBois,~D., Vignola,~F., Murayama,~T., Nickovic,~S., Wilson,~W E., Sassen,~K., Sugimoto,~N. and Malm,~W C.: Asian dust events of April 1998, J Geophys. Res., 106(D16), 18317-18330, \doi10.1029/2000JD900788, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="15" content_type="text"> Iwasaka,~Y., Minoura,~H., and Nagaya,~K.: The transport and spatial scale of Asian dust-storm clouds: a~case study of the dust-storm event of April 1979, Tellus~B, 35, 189–196, 1983. </reference>
		<reference numeration="16" content_type="text"> Kim,~S.-W., Berthier,~S., Raut,~J.-C., Chazette,~P., Dulac,~F., and Yoon,~S.-C.: Validation of aerosol and cloud layer structures from the space-borne lidar CALIOP using a ground-based lidar in Seoul, Korea, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 3705–3720, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="17" content_type="text"> Legrand,~M., Bertrand,~J., and Desbois,~M.: Dust clouds over West Africa: a~characterization by satellite data, Ann. Geophys., 3, 777–784, 1985. </reference>
		<reference numeration="18" content_type="text"> Legrand,~M. and N&apos;doumé,~C.: Satellite detection of dust using the IR imagery of Meteosat: 1. Infrared difference dust index, J Geophys. Res., 106(D16), 18251-18274, \doi10.1029/2000JD900749, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="19" content_type="text"> Liu,~D., Wang,~Z., Liu,~Z., Winker,~D., and Trepte,~C.: A~height resolved global view of dust aerosols from the first year CALIPSO lidar measurements, J Geophys. Res., 113, D16214, \doi10.1029/2007JD009776, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="20" content_type="text"> Liu,~Z., Vaughan,~M A., Winker,~D M., Hostetler,~C A., Poole,~L R., Hlavka,~D., Hart,~W., and McGill,~M.: Use of probability distribution functions for discriminating between cloud and aerosol in lidar backscatter data, J Geophys. Res., 109, D15202, \doi10.1029/2004JD004732, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="21" content_type="text"> Liu,~Z., Omar,~A., Vaughan,~M., Hair,~J., Kittaka,~C., Hu,~Y., Powell,~K., Trepte,~C., Winker,~D., Hostetler,~C., Ferrare,~R., and Pierce,~R.: CALIPSO lidar observations of the optical properties of Saharan dust: a~case study of long-range transport, J Geophys. Res., 113, D07207, \doi10.1029/2007JD008878, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="22" content_type="text"> Liu,~Z., Vaughan,~M., Winker,~D., Kittaka,~C., Getzewich,~B., Kuehn,~R., Omar,~A., Powell,~K., Trepte,~C., and Hostetler,~C.: The CALIPSO lidar cloud and aerosol discrimination: version~2 algorithm and initial assessment of performance, J Atmos. Ocean. Techn., 26, 7, 1198–1213, 2009. </reference>
		<reference numeration="23" content_type="text"> Mika,~S., Rätsch,~G., Weston,~J., Schölkopf,~B., and Müller,~K.-R.: Fisher discriminant analysis with kernels, Neural Networks Signal Proc, IEEE, 41–48, 1999. %Neural Networks for Signal Processing IX, 1999. Proceedings of the 1999 IEEE Signal Processing Society Workshop </reference>
		<reference numeration="24" content_type="text"> Murayama,~T., Sugimoto,~N., Uno,~I., Kinoshita,~K., Aoki,~K., Hagiwara,~N., Liu,~Z., Matsui,~I., Sakai,~T., Shibata,~T., Arao,~K., Sohn,~B., Won,~J.-G. Yoon,~S.-C., Li,~T., Zhou,~J., Hu,~H., Abo,~M., Iokibe,~K., Koga,~R., and Iwasaka,~Y.: Ground-based network observation of Asian dust events of April 1998 in east Asia, J Geophys. Res., 106(D16), 18345-18359, \doi10.1029/2000JD900554, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="25" content_type="text"> Natsagdorj,~L., Jugder,~D., and Chung,~Y S.: Analysis of dust storms observed in Mongolia during 1937–1999, Atmos. Environ., 37, 1401–1411, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="26" content_type="text"> Platt,~C M R., Winker,~D M., Vaughan,~M A., and Miller,~S D.: Backscatter-to-extinction ratios in the top layer of tropical mesoscale convective systems and in isolated cirrus from LITE observations, J Appl. Meteorol., 38(9), 1330–1345, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="27" content_type="text"> Roskovensky,~J K. and Liou,~K N.: Detection of thin cirrus from 1.38 \unit\mu m/0.65 \unit\mu m reflectance ratio combined with 8.6–11 \unit\mu m brightness temperature difference, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1985, \doi10.1029/2003GL018135, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="28" content_type="text"> Roskovensky,~J K. and Liou,~K N.: Differentiating airborne dust from cirrus clouds using MODIS data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L12809, \doi10.1029/2005GL022798, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="29" content_type="text"> Sassen,~K.: Indirect climate forcing over the western US from Asian dust storms, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1465, \doi10.1029/2001GL014051, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="30" content_type="text"> Shenk,~W E. and Curran,~R J.: The detection of dust storms over land and water with satellite visible and infrared measurements, Mon. Weather Rev., 102, 830–837, 1974. </reference>
		<reference numeration="31" content_type="text"> Slingo,~A., Ackerman,~T P., Allan,~R P., Kassianov,~E I., McFarlane,~S A., Robinson,~G J., Barnard,~J C., Miller,~M A., Harries,~J E., Russell,~J E., and Dewitte,~S.: Observations of the impact of a~major Saharan dust storm on the atmospheric radiation balance, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L24817, \doi10.1029/2006GL027869, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="32" content_type="text"> Su, J., Huang, J., Fu, Q., Minnis,~P., Ge, J. , and Bi, J.: Estimation of Asian dust aerosol effect on cloud radiation forcing using Fu-Liou radiative model and CERES measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2763–2771, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="33" content_type="text"> Stephens,~G L., Vane,~D G., Boain,~R J., Mace,~G G., Sassen,~K., Wang,~Z., Illingworth,~A J., O&apos;Connor,~E J., Rossow,~W B., Durden,~S L., Miller,~S D., Austin,~R T., Benedetti,~A., Mitrescu,~C., and Team,~T C S.: The CLOUDSAT mission and the A-train, B Am. Meteorol. Soc., 83, 1771–1790, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="34" content_type="text"> Tegen,~I.: Modeling the mineral dust aerosol cycle in the climate system, Quat. Sci. Rev., 22, 19, 1821–1834, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="35" content_type="text"> Twomey,~S A., Piepgrass,~M., and Wolfe,~T L.: An assessment of the impact of pollution on global cloud albedo, Tellus~B, 36, 356–366, 1984. </reference>
		<reference numeration="36" content_type="text"> Uno,~I., Amano,~H., Emori,~S., Kinoshita,~K., Matsui,~I., and Sugimoto,~N.: Trans-Pacific yellow sand transport observed in April 1998: a~numerical simulation, J Geophys. Res., 106(D16), 18331-18344, \doi10.1029/2000JD900748, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="37" content_type="text"> Uno,~I., Eguchi,~K., Yumimoto,~K., Takemura,~T., Shimizu,~A., Uematsu,~M., Liu,~Z., Wang,~Z., Hara,~Y., and Sugimoto,~N.: Asian dust transported one full circuit around the~globe, Nat. Geosci., 2, 557–560, \doi10.1038/ngeo583, 2009. </reference>
		<reference numeration="38" content_type="text"> Vaughan,~M., Young,~S., Winker,~D., Powell,~K., Omar,~A., Liu,~Z., Hu,~Y., and Hostetler,~C.: Fully automated analysis of space-based lidar data: an overview of the CALIPSO retrieval algorithms and data products, Proc SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng., 5575, 16–30, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="39" content_type="text"> Winker,~D M. and Vaughan,~M V.: Vertical distribution of clouds over Hampton, Virginia observed by lidar under the ECLIPS and FIRE ETO programs, Atmos. Res., 34, 117–133, 1994. </reference>
		<reference numeration="40" content_type="text"> Winker,~D M., Couch,~R H., and McCormick,~M P.: An overview of LITE: NASA&apos;s Lidar In-Space Technology Experiment, Proc. IEEE, 84(2), 164–180, 1996 </reference>
		<reference numeration="41" content_type="text"> Winker,~D M., Hunt,~W H., and Hostetler,~C A.: Status and performance of the CALIOP lidar, Proc SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng., 5575, 8–15, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="42" content_type="text"> Winker,~D., Pelon,~J., and McCormick,~M.: Initial results from CALIPSO, 23rd International Laser Radar Conference, Nara, Japan, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="43" content_type="text"> Winker,~D., Hunt,~W., and McGill,~M.: Initial performance assessment of CALIOP, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L19803, \doi10.1029/2007GL030135, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="44" content_type="text"> Zhang,~P., Lu,~N M., Hu,~X Q., and Dong,~C H.: Identification and physical retrieval of dust storm using three MODIS thermal IR channels, Global Planet. Change, 52(1–4), 197–206, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="45" content_type="text"> Zhang,~X Y., Arimoto,~R., and An,~Z S.: Dust emission from Chinese desert sources linked to variations in atmospheric circulation, J Geophys. Res., 102(D23), 28041-28047, \doi10.1029/97JD02300, 1997. </reference>
	</references>
</article>

