<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/inc/acpd/copernicus.dtd">
<article language="en">
	<journal>
		<journal_title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions</journal_title>
		<journal_url>www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net</journal_url>
		<issn>1680-7367</issn>
		<eissn>1680-7375</eissn>
		<volume_number>10</volume_number>
		<issue_number>2</issue_number>
		<publication_year>2010</publication_year>
	</journal>
	<doi>10.5194/acpd-10-2889-2010</doi>
	<article_url>http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/10/2889/2010/</article_url>
	<abstract_html>http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/10/2889/2010/acpd-10-2889-2010.html</abstract_html>
	<fulltext_pdf>http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/10/2889/2010/acpd-10-2889-2010.pdf</fulltext_pdf>
	<start_page>2889</start_page>
	<end_page>2914</end_page>
	<publication_date>2010-02-05</publication_date>
	<article_title content_type="html">A case study of dust aerosol radiative properties over Lanzhou, China</article_title>
	<authors>
		<author numeration="1" affiliations="1">
			<name>L. Zhang</name>
			<email>zhanglei@lzu.edu.cn</email>
		</author>
		<author numeration="2" affiliations="1">
			<name>X. Cao</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="3" affiliations="1">
			<name>J. Bao</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="4" affiliations="1">
			<name>B. Zhou</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="5" affiliations="1">
			<name>J. Huang</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="6" affiliations="1">
			<name>J. Shi</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="7" affiliations="1">
			<name>J. Bi</name>
		</author>
	</authors>
	<affiliations>
		<affiliation numeration="1" content_type="html">Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China</affiliation>
	</affiliations>
	<abstract content_type="html">The vertical distribution of dust aerosol and its radiative properties are
analysed using the data measured by the micropulse lidar, profiling microwave
radiometer, sunphotometer, particulate monitor, and nephelometer at the
Semi-Arid Climate and Environment Observatory of Lanzhou University (SACOL)
during a dust storm from 27 March to 29 March 2007. The analysis shows that
the dust aerosol mainly exists below 2 km in height, and the dust aerosol
extinction coefficient decreases with height. The temporal evolution of
aerosol optical depth (AOD) during the dust storm is characterized by a
sub-maximum at 22:00 (Beijing Time) on 27 March and a maximum at 12:00 on
28 March. The AOD derived by lidar is compared with that obtained by
sunphotometer, and shows a good consistency. The PM&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt; concentration and
aerosol scattering coefficient share identical variation trends, and their
maximums both appear at 22:00 on 27 March.
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
The aerosol extinction coefficient and relative humidity have the same
trends and their maximums appear at identical heights, showing a correlation
between extinction coefficient and relative humidity known as aerosol
hygroscopicity. Nevertheless, the correlation between aerosol extinction
coefficient and temperature cannot be obviously seen.
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
The aerosol extinction coefficient, scattering coefficient, and PM&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt;
concentration present good linear correlations. The correlation coefficients
of the aerosol scattering coefficient and PM&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt; concentration, of
aerosol extinction coefficient and PM&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt; concentration, and of aerosol
extinction and scattering coefficient are respectively 0.98, 0.94, and 0.96.</abstract>
	<references>
		<reference numeration="1" content_type="text"> Ackerman, A. S., Toon, O. B., Stevens, D. E., Heymsfield, A. J., Ramanathan, V., and Welton, E. J.: Reduction of tropical cloudiness by soot, Science, 288(5468), 1042–1047, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="2" content_type="text"> Ackermann, J.: The extinction-to-backscatter ratio of tropospheric aerosols: a numerical study, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 15, 1043–1050, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="3" content_type="text"> Albrecht, B. A.: Aerosols, cloud microphysics, and fractional cloudiness, Science, 245(4923), 1227–1230, 1989. </reference>
		<reference numeration="4" content_type="text"> Ansmann, A., Riebesell, M., Wandinger, U., Weitkamp, C., Voss, E., Lahmann, W., and Michaelis, W.: Combined Raman elastic-backscatter lidar for vertical profiling of moisture, aerosol extinction, backscatter, and lidar ratio, Appl. Phys B, 55, 18–28, 1992. </reference>
		<reference numeration="5" content_type="text"> Atwater, M. A.: Planetary albedo changes due to aerosols, Science, 170(3953), 64–66, 1970. </reference>
		<reference numeration="6" content_type="text"> Balis, D. S., Amiridis, V., Nickovic, S., Papayannis, A., and Zerefos, C.: Optical properties of Saharan dust layers as detected by a Raman lidar at Thessaloniki, Greece, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L13104, doi:10.1029/2004GL019881, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="7" content_type="text"> Balkanski, Y., Schulz, M., Claquin, T., and Guibert, S.: Reevaluation of Mineral aerosol radiative forcings suggests a better agreement with satellite and AERONET data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 81–95, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="8" content_type="text"> Blanco, A., Dee Tomasi, F., Filippo, E., Manno, D., Perrone, M. R., Serra, A., Tafuro, A. M., and Tepore, A.: Characterization of African dust over southern Italy, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 2147–2159, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="9" content_type="text"> Charlson, R. J. and Pilat, M. J.: Climate: The influence of aerosols, J. Appl. Meteorol., 8(6), 1001–1002, 1969. </reference>
		<reference numeration="10" content_type="text"> Chiang, C. W., Das, S. K., and Nee, J. B.: An iterative calculation to derive extinction-to-backscatter ratio based on lidar measurements, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 109, 1187–1195, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="11" content_type="text"> Coakley Jr., J. A., Cess, R. D., and Yurevich, F. B.: The effect of tropospheric aerosols on the earth&apos;s radiation budget: a parameterization for climate models, J. Atmos. Sci., 40(1), 116–138, 1983. </reference>
		<reference numeration="12" content_type="text"> Collaud Coen, M., Weingartner, E., Schaub, D., Hueglin, C., Corrigan, C., Henning, S., Schwikowski, M., and Baltensperger, U.: Saharan dust events at the Jungfraujoch: detection by wavelength dependence of the single scattering albedo and first climatology analysis, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 2465–2480, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="13" content_type="text"> Fernald, F. G.: Analysis of atmospheric lidar observations: some comments, Appl. Optics, 23(5), 652–653, 1984. </reference>
		<reference numeration="14" content_type="text"> Gobbi, G. P., Barnaba, F., Van Dingenen, R., Putaud, J. P., Mircea, M., and Facchini, M. C.: Lidar and in situ observations of continental and Saharan aerosol: closure analysis of particles optical and physical properties, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 2161–2172, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="15" content_type="text"> Grassl, H.: Albedo reduction and radiative heating of clouds by absorbing aerosol particles, Contrib. Atmos. Phys., 48, 199–210, 1975. </reference>
		<reference numeration="16" content_type="text"> Han, X.: Retrieval of Lanzhou urban and suburban aerosol radiative properties using lidar measurement, M S thesis, Lanzhou University, China, 51~pp., 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="17" content_type="text"> Hansen, J., Sato, M., and Ruedy, R.: Radiative forcing and climate response, J. Geophys. Res., 102(D6), 6831–6864, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="18" content_type="text"> He, Q. S., Li, C. C., Mao, J. T., Lau, A. K. H., and Li, P. R.: A study on the aerosol extinction-to-backscatter ratio with combination of micro-pulse LIDAR and MODIS over Hong Kong, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3243–3256, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="19" content_type="text"> Hong, G., Yang, P., Weng, F. Z., and Liu, Q. H.: Microwave scattering properties of sand particles: application to the simulation of microwave radiances over sandstorms, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 109, 684–702, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="20" content_type="text"> Huang, J. P., Zhang, W., Zuo, J. Q., Bi, J. R., Shi, J. S., Wang, X., Chang, Z. L., Huang, Z. W., Yang, S., Zhang, B. D., Wang, G. Y., Feng, G. H., Yuan, J. Y., Zhang, L., Zuo, H. C., Wang, S. G., Fu, C. B., and Chou, J. F.: An overview of the semi-arid climate and environment research observatory over the Loess Plateau, Adv. Atmos. Sci., 25(6), 906–921, 2008a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="21" content_type="text"> Huang, J. P., Huang, Z. W., Bi, J. R., Zhang, W., and Zhang, L.: Micro-pulse lidar measurements of aerosol vertical structure over the Loess Plateau, Atmos. Ocean. Sci. Lett., 1(1), 8–11, 2008b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="22" content_type="text"> Huang, J., Fu, Q., Su, J., Tang, Q., Minnis, P., Hu, Y., Yi, Y., and Zhao, Q.: Taklimakan dust aerosol radiative heating derived from CALIPSO observations using the Fu-Liou radiation model with CERES constraints, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 4011–4021, 2009. </reference>
		<reference numeration="23" content_type="text"> Immler, F. and Schrems, O.: Vertical profiles, optical and microphysical properties of Saharan dust layers determined by a ship-borne lidar, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 1353–1364, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="24" content_type="text"> Iwasaka, Y., Shi, G. Y., Shen, Z., Kim, Y. S., Trochkine, D., Matsuki, A., Zhang, D., Shibata, T., Nagatani, M., and Nakata, H.: Nature of atmospheric aerosols over the desert areas in the Asian continent: chemical state and number concentration of particles measured at Dunhuang, China, Water Air Soil Poll., 3, 129–145, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="25" content_type="text"> Klett, J. D.: Stable analytical inversion solution for processing lidar returns, Appl. Optics, 2(2), 211–220, 1981. </reference>
		<reference numeration="26" content_type="text"> Klett, J. D.: Lidar inversion with variable backscatter/extinction ratios, Appl. Optics, 24(11), 1638–1643, 1985. </reference>
		<reference numeration="27" content_type="text"> Koren, I., Kaufman, Y. J., Remer, L. A., and Martins, J. V.: Measurement of the effect of Amazon smoke on inhibition of cloud formation, Science, 303(5662), 1342–1345, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="28" content_type="text"> Kovalev, V. A.: Sensitivity of the lidar solution to errors of the aerosol backscatter-to-extinction ratio: Influence of a monotonic change in the aerosol extinction coefficient, Appl. Optics, 34(18), 3457–3462, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="29" content_type="text"> Larchevêque, G., Balin, L., Nessler, R., Quaglia, P., Simeonov, V., Bergh, H. V. D., and Calpini, B.: Development of a mulitwavelength aerosol and water-vapor lidar at the Jungfraujoch Alpine Station (3580 m above sea level) in Switzerland, Appl. Optics, 41(15), 2781–2790, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="30" content_type="text"> Liu, H. Z., Zhang, H. S., Bian, L. G., Chen, J. Y., Zhou, M. Y., Xu, X. D., Li, S. M., and Zhao, Y. J.: Characteristics of micrometeorology in the surface layer in the Tibetan Plateau, Adv. Atmos. Sci., 19(1), 73–88, 2002a. </reference>
		<reference numeration="31" content_type="text"> Liu, Z. Y., Sugimoto, N., and Murayama, T.: Extinction-to-backscatter ratio of Asian dust observed with high-spectral-resolution lidar and Raman lidar, Appl. Optics, 41(15), 2760–2767, 2002b. </reference>
		<reference numeration="32" content_type="text"> McCormick, R. A. and Ludwig, J. H.: Climate modification by atmospheric aerosols, Science, 156(3780), 1358–1359, 1967. </reference>
		<reference numeration="33" content_type="text"> Murayama, T., Sugimoto, N., Uno, I., Kinoshita, K., Aoki, K., Hagiwara, N., Liu, Z. Y., Matsui, I., Sakai, T., Shibata, T., Arao, K., Sohn, B. J., Won, J. G., Yoon, S. C., Li, T., Zhou, J., Hu, H. L., Abo, M., Iokibe, K., Koga, R., and Iwasaka, Y.: Ground-based network observation of Asian dust events of April~1998 in east Asia, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D16), 18345–18359, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="34" content_type="text"> Papayannis, A., Balis, D., Amiridis, V., Chourdakis, G., Tsaknakis, G., Zerefos, C., Castanho, A. D. A., Nickovic, S., Kazadzis, S., and Grabowski, J.: Measurements of Saharan dust aerosols over the Eastern Mediterranean using elastic backscatter-Raman lidar, spectrophotometric and satellite observations in the frame of the EARLINET project, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2065–2079, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="35" content_type="text"> Pappalardo, G., Amodeo, A., Amoruso, S., Mona, L., Pandolfi, M., and Cuomo, V.: One year of tropospheric lidar measurements of aerosol extinction and backscatter, Ann. Geophys., 46(2), 401–413, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="36" content_type="text"> Pierangelo, C., Chédin, A., Heilliette, S., Jacquinet-Husson, N., and Armante, R.: Dust altitude and infrared optical depth from AIRS, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 1813–1822, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="37" content_type="text"> Shen, Z. X., Cao, J. J., Li, X. X., Okuda, T., Wang, Y. Q., and Zhang, X. Y.: Mass concentration and mineralogical characteristics of aerosol particles collected at Dunhuang during ACE-Asia, Adv. Atmos. Sci., 23(2), 291–298, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="38" content_type="text"> Su, J., Huang, J., Fu, Q., Minnis, P., Ge, J., and Bi, J.: Estimation of Asian dust aerosol effect on cloud radiation forcing using Fu-Liou radiative model and CERES measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2763–2771, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="39" content_type="text"> Twomey, S.: The influence of pollution on the shortwave albedo of clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 34(7), 1149–1152, 1977. </reference>
		<reference numeration="40" content_type="text"> Wang, S. G., Wang, J. Y., Zhou, Z. J., and Shang, K. Z.: Regional characteristics of three kinds of dust storm events in China, Atmos. Environ., 39, 509–520, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="41" content_type="text"> Xia, J. R.: Lidar measurement of atmospheric aerosol radiative properties over Lanzhou, M S thesis, Lanzhou University, China, 50~pp., 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="42" content_type="text"> Yamada, M., Iwasaka, Y., Matsuki, A., Trochkine, D., Kim, Y. S., Zhang, D., Nagatani, T., Shi, G. Y., Nagatani, M., Nakata, H., Shen, Z., Chen, B., and Li, G.: Feature of dust particles in the spring free troposphere over Dunhuang in northwestern China: electron microscopic experiments on individual particles collected with a balloon-born impactor, Water Air Soil Poll., 5, 231–250, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="43" content_type="text"> Zhang, L., Chen, M., and Li, L.: Dust aerosol radiative effect and influence on urban atmospheric boundary layer, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 7, 15565–15580, 2007. </reference>
	</references>
</article>

