ACPD Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions ACPD 1680-7375 Copernicus GmbH Göttingen, Germany 10.5194/acpd-10-28355-2010 Assessment of the CALIPSO Lidar 532 nm attenuated backscatter calibration using the NASA LaRC Airborne High Spectral Resolution Lidar Rogers R. R. 1 Hostetler C. A. 1 Hair J. W. 1 Ferrare R. A. 1 Liu Z. 1 Obland M. D. 1 Harper D. B. 1 Cook A. L. 1 Powell K. A. 1 Vaughan M. A. 1 Winker D. M. 1 NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681, USA 18 11 2010 10 11 28355 28398 This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/10/28355/2010/acpd-10-28355-2010.html The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/10/28355/2010/acpd-10-28355-2010.pdf

The Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) instrument on the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) spacecraft has provided global, high-resolution vertical profiles of aerosols and clouds since it became operational on 13 June 2006. On 14 June 2006, the NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL) was deployed aboard the NASA Langley B-200 aircraft for the first of a series of 86 underflights of the CALIPSO satellite to provide validation measurements for the CALIOP data products. To better assess the range of conditions under which CALIOP data products are produced, these validation flights were conducted under both daytime and nighttime lighting conditions, in multiple seasons, and over a large range of latitudes and aerosol and cloud conditions. This paper presents a quantitative assessment of the CALIOP 532 nm calibration (through the 532 nm total attenuated backscatter) using an internally calibrated airborne HSRL underflight data and is the most extensive study of CALIOP 532 nm calibration. Results show that average HSRL and CALIOP 532 nm total attenuated backscatter agree on average within 2.7±2.1% (CALIOP lower) at night and within 2.9±3.9% (CALIOP lower) during the day, demonstrating the accuracy of the CALIOP 532 nm calibration algorithms. Additionally, comparisons with HSRL show consistency of the CALIOP calibration before and after the laser switch in 2009 as well as improvements in the daytime version 3.01 calibration scheme compared with the version 2 calibration scheme. Potential systematic uncertainties in the methodology relevant to validating satellite lidar measurements with an airborne lidar system are discussed and found to be less than 3.7% for this validation effort with HSRL. Results from this study are also compared to prior assessments of the CALIOP 532 nm attenuated backscatter calibration.

 References Anderson,~T L., Masonis,~S J., Covert,~D S., Ahlquist,~N C., Howell,~S G., Clarke,~A D., and McNaughton,~C S.: Variability of aerosol optical properties derived from in situ aircraft measurements during ACE-Asia, J Geophys. Res., 108, 8647, doi:10.1029/2002JD003247, 2003. Berg,~L K., Berkowitz,~C M., Ogren,~J A., Hostetler,~C A., Ferrare,~R A., Dubey,~M K., Andrews,~E., Coulter,~R L., Hair,~J W., Hubbe,~J M., Lee,~Y N., Mazzoleni,~C., Olfert,~J N., and Springston,~S R.: Overview of the cumulus humilis aerosol processing study, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 90(11), 1653–1667, doi:10.1175/2009BAMS2760.1, 2009. Charlson,~R J., Schwartz,~S E., Hales,~J M., Cess,~R D., Coakley,~J A., Hansen,~J E., and Hofmann,~D J.: Climate forcing by anthropogenic aerosols, Science, 255, 423–430, 1992. Gamage,~N. and Hagelberg,~C.: Detection and analysis of microfronts and associated coherent events using localized transforms, J Atmos. Sci., 50(5), 750–756, 1993. Hair,~J W., Caldwell,~L M., Krueger,~D A., and She,~C Y.: High-spectral-resolution lidar with iodine-vapor filters: measurement of atmospheric-state and aerosol profiles, Appl. Opt., 40, 5280–5294, 2001. Hair,~J W., Hostetler,~C A., Cook,~A L., Harper,~D B., Ferrare,~R A., Mack,~T L., Welch,~W., Isquierdo,~L R., and Hovis,~F E.: Airborne high spectral resolution lidar for profiling aerosol optical properties, Appl. Opt., 47(36), 6734–6752, doi:10.1364/AO.47.006734, 2008. Haywood,~J M. and Boucher,~O.: Estimates of the direct and indirect radiative forcing due to tropospheric aerosols: a~review, Rev. Geophys., 38, 513–543, 2000 Hostetler,~C A., Liu,~Z., Reagan,~J., Vaughan,~M., Winker,~D., Osborn,~M., Hunt,~W H., Powell,~K A., and Trepte,~C.: CALIOP algorithm theoretical basis document, calibration and level 1 data products, PC-SCI-201, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681, USA, available at: http://www-calipso.larc.nasa.gov/resources/project_documentation.php, 2006. Jacob,~D J., Crawford,~J H., Maring,~H., Clarke,~A D., Dibb,~J E., Emmons,~L K., Ferrare,~R A., Hostetler,~C A., Russell,~P B., Singh,~H B., Thompson,~A M., Shaw,~G E., McCauley,~E., Pederson,~J R., and Fisher,~J A.: The Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS) mission: design, execution, and first results, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 5191–5212, doi:10.5194/acp-10-5191-2010, 2010. Jäger,~H.: Long-term record of lidar observations of the stratospheric aerosol layer at Garmisch-Partenkirchen, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D08106, doi:10.1029/2004JD005506, 2005. Kaufman,~Y J., Tanré,~D., and Boucher,~O.: A~satellite view of aerosols in the climate system, Nature, 419, 215–223, doi:10.1038/nature01091, 2002. King,~M., Closs,~J., Spangler,~S., Greenstone,~R., Wharton,~S., and Myers,~M.: EOS Data Products Handbook, Volume 1. EOS Project Science Office, Code 900, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, 260 pp., available at: http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/ftp_docs/data_products_1.pdf, 2004. Kim,~S.-W., Berthier,~S., Raut,~J.-C., Chazette,~P., Dulac,~F., and Yoon,~S.-C.: Validation of aerosol and cloud layer structures from the space-borne lidar CALIOP using a ground-based lidar in Seoul, Korea, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 3705–3720, doi:10.5194/acp-8-3705-2008, 2008. Liu,~Z., Hunt,~W., Vaughan,~M., Hostetler,~C., McGill,~M., Powell,~K., Winker,~D., and Hu,~Y.: Estimating random errors due to shot noise in backscatter lidar observations, Appl. Opt., 45, 4437–4447, 2006. Mamouri,~R E., Amiridis,~V., Papayannis,~A., Giannakaki,~E., Tsaknakis,~G., and Balis,~D S.: Validation of CALIPSO space-borne-derived attenuated backscatter coefficient profiles using a ground-based lidar in Athens, Greece, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 2, 513–522, doi:10.5194/amt-2-513-2009, 2009.%\blackbox\bfPlease notice: AMT update inserted! McGill,~M J., Vaughan,~M A., Trepte,~C R., Hart,~W D., Hlavka,~D L., Winker,~D M., and Kuehn,~R.: Airborne validation of spatial properties measured by the CALIPSO lidar, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D20201, doi:10.1029/2007JD008768, 2007. Mona,~L., Pappalardo,~G., Amodeo,~A., D'Amico,~G., Madonna,~F., Boselli,~A., Giunta,~A., Russo,~F., and Cuomo,~V.: One year of CNR-IMAA multi-wavelength Raman lidar measurements in coincidence with CALIPSO overpasses: Level 1 products comparison, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 7213–7228, doi:10.5194/acp-9-7213-2009, 2009. Pappalardo,~G., Wandinger,~U., Mona,~L., Hiebsch,~A., Mattis,~I., Amodeo,~A., Ansmann,~A., Seifert,~P., Linne,~H., Apituley,~A., Alados Arboledas,~L., Balis,~D., Chaikovsky,~A., D'Amico,~G., De Tomasi,~F., Freudenthaler,~V., Giannakaki,~E., Giunta,~A., Grigorov,~I., Iarlori,~M., Madonna,~F., Mamouri,~R.-E., Nasti,~L., Papayannis,~A., Pietruczuk,~A., Pujadas,~M., Rizi,~V., Rocadenbosch,~F., Russo,~F., Schnell,~F., Spinelli,~N., Wang,~X., and Wiegner,~M.: EARLINET correlative measurements for CALIPSO: first intercomparison results, J Geophys. Res., 115, D00H19, doi:10.1029/2009JD012147, 2010. Parrish,~D D., Allen,~D T., Bates,~T S., Estes,~M., Fehsenfeld,~F C., Feingold,~G., Ferrare,~R., Hardesty,~R M., Meagher,~J F., Nielsen-Gammon,~J W., Pierce,~R B., Ryerson,~T B., Seinfeld,~J H., and Williams,~E J.: Overview of the Second Texas Air Quality Study (TexAQS II) and the Gulf of Mexico Atmospheric Composition and Climate Study (GoMACCS), J Geophys. Res., 114, D00F13, doi:10.1029/2009JD011842, 2009. Piironen,~P. and Eloranta,~E W.: Demonstration of a~high-spectral-resolution lidar based on an iodine absorption filter, Opt. Lett., 19, 234–236, 1994. Powell,~K A., Vaughan,~M A., Kuehn,~R., Hunt,~W H., and Lee,~K.-P.: Revised calibration strategy for the CALIOP 532-nm channel: part II – daytime, reviewed and revised papers presented at the 24th International Laser Radar Conference, 1177–1180, ISBN 978-0-615-21489-4, 2008. Powell,~K A., Vaughan,~M A., Rogers,~R R., Kuehn,~R E., Hunt,~W H., Lee,~K.-P., and Murray,~T D.: The CALIOP 532-nm channel daytime calibration: version 3 algorithm, reviewed and revised papers presented at the 25th International Laser Radar Conference, 1367–1370, 2010. Powell,~K A., Hostetler,~C A., Liu,~Z., Vaughan,~M A., Kuehn,~R E., Hunt,~W H., Lee,~K., Trepte,~C R., Rogers,~R R., Young,~S A., and Winker,~D M.: CALIPSO lidar calibration algorithms: part I – nighttime 532 \unitnm parallel channel and 532 \unitnm perpendicular channel, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 26, 2015–2033, doi:10.1175/2009-JTECHA1242.1, 2009. Rienecker,~M M., Suarez,~M J., Todling,~R., Bacmeister,~J., Takacs,~L., Liu,~H.-C., Gu,~W., Sienkiewicz,~M., Koster,~R D., Gelaro,~R., Stajner,~I., and Nielsen,~J E.: The GEOS-5 data assimilation system – documentation of versions 5.0.1, 5.1.0, and 5.2.0, technical report series on global modeling and data assimilation, NASA/TM–2008–104606, 27, available at: http://gmao.gsfc.nasa.gov/pubs/tm/, 2008. Russell,~P B., Swissler,~T J., and McCormick,~M P.: Methodology for error analysis and simulation of lidar aerosol measurements, Appl. Opt., 18, 3783–3797, 1979. She,~C Y.: Spectral structure of laser light scattering revisited: bandwidths of nonresonant scattering lidars, Appl. Opt., 40, 4875–4884, 2001. Vaughan,~M A., Liu,~Z., McGill,~M J., Hu,~Y., and Obland,~M D.: On the spectral dependence of backscatter from cirrus clouds: assessing CALIOP's 1064 \unitnm calibration assumptions using cloud physics lidar measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D14206, doi:10.1029/2009JD013086, 2010. Vaughan,~M., Young,~S., Winker,~D., Powell,~K., Omar,~A., Liu,~Z., Hu,~Y., and Hostetler,~C.: Fully automated analysis of spacebased lidar data: an overview of the CALIPSO retrieval algorithms and data products, Proc. SPIE, 5575, 16–30, 2004. Vernier,~J P., Pommereau,~J P., Garnier,~A., Pelon,~J., Larsen,~N., Nielsen,~J., Christensen,~T., Cairo,~F., Thomasson,~L W., Leblanc,~T., and McDermid,~I S.: Tropical stratospheric aerosol layer from CALIPSO lidar observations, J Geophys. Res., 114, D00H10, doi:10.1029/2009JD011946, 2009. Wandinger,~U. and Ansmann,~A.: Experimental determination of the lidar overlap profile with raman lidar, Appl. Opt., 41, 511–514, 2002. Winker,~D M., Pelon,~J., Coakley,~J A., Ackerman,~S A., Charlson,~R J., Colarco,~P R., Flamant,~P., Fu,~Q., Hoff,~R M., Kittaka,~C., Kubar,~T L., LeTreut,~H., McCormick,~M P., Megie,~G., Poole,~L., Powell,~K., Trepte,~C., Vaughan,~M A., and Wielicki,~B A.: The CALIPSO mission: a~global 3D view of aerosols and clouds, B. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 91, 1211–1229, doi:10.1175/2010BAMS3009.1, 2010. Winker,~D M., Hunt,~W H., and McGill,~M J.: Initial performance assessment of CALIOP, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L19803, doi:10.1029/2007GL030135, 2007. Winker,~D M., Vaughan,~M A., Omar,~A H., Hu,~Y., Powell,~K A., Liu,~Z., Hunt,~W H., and Young,~S A.: Overview of the CALIPSO mission and CALIOP data processing algorithms, J Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 26, 2310–2323, doi:10.1175/2009JTECHA1281.1, 2009. Winker,~D.: Accounting for multiple scattering in retrievals from space lidar, Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng., 5059, 128–139, 2003.