ACPD Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions ACPD 1680-7375 Copernicus GmbH Göttingen, Germany 10.5194/acpd-10-28311-2010 Evaluation of a photosynthesis-based biogenic isoprene emission scheme in JULES and simulation of isoprene emissions under modern climate conditions Pacifico F. 1 2 Harrison S. P. 2 3 Jones C. D. 1 Arneth A. 4 Sitch S. 5 Weedon G. P. 1 Barkley M. P. 6 12 Palmer P. I. 6 Serça D. 7 Potosnak M. 8 Fu T.-M. 9 Goldstein A. 10 Bai J. 11 Schurgers G. 4 Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter EX1 3PB, UK School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1SS, UK School of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia Department of Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, University of Lund, Lund 22362, Sweden School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JW, UK Laboratoire d'Aérologie, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse 31400, France DePaul University, Environmental Science Program, Chicago, IL 60614, USA Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University Beijing, China Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720, USA Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China now at: EOS Group, Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Leicester, UK 18 11 2010 10 11 28311 28354 This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/10/28311/2010/acpd-10-28311-2010.html The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/10/28311/2010/acpd-10-28311-2010.pdf

We have incorporated a semi-mechanistic isoprene emission module into the JULES land-surface scheme. We evaluate the coupled model against local above-canopy isoprene emission flux measurements from six flux tower sites as well as satellite-derived estimates of isoprene emission over tropical South America and east and south Asia. The model simulates diurnal variability well: correlation coefficients are significant (at the 95% level) for all flux tower sites. The model reproduces day-to-day variability with significant correlations (at the 95% confidence level) at four of the six flux tower sites. At the UMBS site, a complete set of seasonal observations is available for two years (2000 and 2002). The model reproduces the seasonal pattern of emission during 2002, but does less well in the year 2000. Comparison with the satellite-derived isoprene-emission estimates suggests that the model simulates the main spatial patterns, seasonal and inter-annual variability over tropical regions. The model yields a global annual isoprene emission during the 1990s of 380 ± 7 TgC yr<sup>−1</sup>.

 References Arneth, A., Miller, P. A., Scholze, M., Hickler, T., Schurgers, G., Smith, B., and Prentice, I. C.: CO<sub>2</sub> inhibition of global terrestrial isoprene emissions: potential implications for atmospheric chemistry, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L18813, doi:10.1029/2007GL030615, 2007a. Arneth, A., Niinemets, Ü., Pressley, S., Bäck, J., Hari, P., Karl, T., Noe, S., Prentice, I. C., Serça, D., Hickler, T., Wolf, A., and Smith, B.: Process-based estimates of terrestrial ecosystem isoprene emissions: incorporating the effects of a direct CO<sub>2</sub>-isoprene interaction, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 31–53, doi:10.5194/acp-7-31-2007, 2007b. Arneth, A., Monson, R. K., Schurgers, G., Niinemets, Ü., and Palmer, P. I.: Why are estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions so similar (and why is this not so for monoterpenes)?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 4605–4620, doi:10.5194/acp-8-4605-2008, 2008a. Arneth, A., Schurgers, G., Hickler, T., and Miller, P. A.: Effects of species composition, land surface cover, CO<sub>2</sub> concentration and climate on isoprene emissions from european forests, Plant Biology, 9, 1–12, 2008b. Arneth, A., Sitch, S., Bondeau, A., Butterbach-Bahl, K., Foster, P., Gedney, N., de Noblet-Ducoudré, N., Prentice, I. C., Sanderson, M., Thonicke, K., Wania, R., and Zaehle, S.: From biota to chemistry and climate: towards a comprehensive description of trace gas exchange between the biosphere and atmosphere, Biogeosciences, 7, 121–149, doi:10.5194/bg-7-121-2010, 2010. Bai, J., Baker, B., Liang, B., Greenberg, J., and Guenther, A.: Isoprene and monoterpene emissions from an Inner Mongolia grassland, Atmos. Environ., 40, 5753–5758, 2006. Barkley, M. P., Palmer, P. I., Kuhn, U., Kesselmeier, J., Chance, K., Kurosu, T. P., Martin, R. V., Helmig, D., and Guenther, A.: Net ecosystem fluxes of isoprene over tropical South America inferred from Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) observations of HCHO columns, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D20304, doi:10.1029/2008JD009863, 2008. Barkley, M. P., Palmer, P. I., De Smedt, I., Karl, T., Guenther, A., and Van Roozendael, M.: Regulated large-scale annual shutdown of Amazonian isoprene emissions?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L04803, doi:10.1029/2008GL036843, 2009. Blyth, E., Clark, D. B., Ellis, R., Huntingford, C., Los, S., Pryor, M., Best, M., and Sitch, S.: A comprehensive set of benchmark tests for a land surface model of simultaneous fluxes of water and carbon at both the global and seasonal scale, Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., 3, 1829–1859, doi:10.5194/gmdd-3-1829-2010, 2010a. Blyth, E., Gash, J., Lloyd, A., Pryor, M., Weedon, G. P., and Shuttleworth, W. J.: Evaluating the JULES land surface model energy fluxes using FLUXNET data, J. Hydrometeo., 11, 509–519, 2010b. Bondeau, A., Smith, P. C., Zaehle, S., Schaphoff, S., Lucht, W., Cramer, W., Gerten, D., Lotze-Camper, H., Müller C., Reichstein, M., and Smith, B.: Modelling the role of agriculture for the 20th century global terrestrial carbon balance, Glob. Change Biol., 13(3), 679–706, 2007. Brohan, P., Kennedy, J. J., Harris, I., Tett, S. F. B., and Jones, P. D.: Uncertainty estimates in regional and global observed temperature changes: a new dataset from 1850, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D12106, doi:10.1029/2005JD006548, 2006. Cadule, P., Friedlingstein, P., Bopp, L., Sitch, S., Jones, C. D., Ciais, P., Piao, S. L., and Peylin, P.: Benchmarking coupled climate-carbon models against long-term atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> measurements, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 24, GB2016, doi:10.1029/2009GB003556, 2010. Centritto, M., Nascetti, P., Petrilli, L., Raschi, A., and Loreto, F.: Profiles of isoprene emission and photosynthetic parameters in hybrid poplars exposed to free-air CO<sub>2</sub> enrichment, Plant Cell Environ., 27, 403–412, 2004. Claeys, M., Graham, B., Vas, G., Wang, W., Vermeylen, R., Pashynska, V., Cafmeyer, J., Guyon, P., Andreae, M. O., Artaxo, P., and Maenhaut, W.: Formation of secondary organic aerosols through photooxidation of isoprene, Science, 303, 1173–1176, 2004. Collatz, G. J., Ball, J. T., Grivet, C., and Berry, J. A.: Physiological and environmental regulation of stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and transpiration: A model that includes a laminar boundary layer, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 54, 107–136, 1991. Collatz, G. J., Ribas-Carbo, M., and Berry, J. A.: A coupled photosynthesis- stomatal conductance model for leaves of C4 plants, Aust. J. Plant Physiol., 19, 519–538, 1992. Cox, P. M., Huntingford, C., and Harding, R. J.: A canopy conductance and photosynthesis model for use in a GCM land surface scheme, J. Hydrol., 213, 79–94, 1998. Cox, P. M., Betts, R., Bunton, C. B., Essery, R. L. H., Rowtree, P. R., and Smith, J.: The impact of new land surface physics on the GCM simulation of climate and climate sensitivity, Clim. Dynam., 15, 183–203, 1999. Cox, P., M., Betts, R. A., Jones, C. D., Spall, S. A., and Totterdell, I. J.: Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model, Nature, 408, 184–187, 2000. Cox, P. M.: Description of the "TRIFFID" Dynamic Global Vegetation Model. Technical note 24, Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, UK, 17~pp., 2001. Delwiche, C. F. and Sharkey, T. D.: Rapid appearance of 13C in biogenic isoprene when $^13$CO<sub>2</sub> is fed into intact leaves, Plant Cell Environ., 16, 587–591, 1993. Essery, R. L. H., Best, M. J., Betts, R. A., Cox, P. M., and Taylor, C. M.: Explicit Representation of Subgrid Heterogeneity in a GCM Land Surface Scheme, J. Hydrometeorol., 4, 530–543, 2003. Farquhar, G. D., Caemmerer, S., and Berry, J. A.: A biochemical model of photosynthetic CO<sub>2</sub> assimilation in leaves of C3 species, Planta, 149, 78–90, 1980. Fu, T., Jacob, D. J., Palmer, P. I., Chance, K., Wang, Y. X., Barletta, B., Blake, D. R., Stanton, J. C., and Pilling, M. J.: Space-based formaldehyde measurements as constraints on volatile organic compound emissions in east and south Asia and implications for ozone, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D06312, doi:10.1029/2006JD007853, 2007. Goldstein, A. H., Goulden, M. L., Munger, J. W., Wofsy, S. C., and Geron, C. D.: Seasonal course of isoprene emissions from a midlatitude deciduous forest, J. Geophys. Res., 103(D23), 31045–31056, 1998. Guenther, A. B., Monson, R. K., and Fall, R.: Isoprene and monoterpene emission rate variability: observations with eucalyptus and emission rate algorithm development, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 10799–10808, 1991. Guenther, A. B., Zimmerman, P. R., Harley, P. C., Monson, R. K., and Fall, R.: Isoprene and monoterpene emission rate variability – model evaluations and sensitivity analyses, J. Geophys. Res., 98(D7), 12609–12617, 1993. Guenther, A., Hewitt, C. N., Erickson, D., Fall, R., Geron, C., Graedel, T., Harley, P., Klinger, L., Lerdau, M., Mckay, W. A., Pierce, T., Scholes, B., Steinbrecher, R., Tallamraju, R., Taylor, J., and Zimmerman, P.: A global model of natural volatile organic compound emissions, J. Geophys. Res., 100(D5), 8873–8892, 1995. Guenther, A.: The contribution of reactive carbon emissions from vegetation to the carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystems, Chemosphere, 49, 837–844, 2002. Guenther, A., Karl, T., Harley, P., Wiedinmyer, C., Palmer, P. I., and Geron, C.: Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3181–3210, doi:10.5194/acp-6-3181-2006, 2006. Harley, P. C., Monson, R. K., and Lerdau, M. T.: Ecological and evolutionary aspects of isoprene emission from plants, Oecologia, 118, 109–123, 1999. Hewitt, C. N. and Street, R. A.: A qualitative assessment of the emission of nonmethane hydrocarbon compounds from the biosphere to the atmosphere in the UK: present knowledge and uncertainties, Atmos. Environ., 26A(17), 3069–3077, 1992. Hofzumahaus, A., Rohrer, F., Lu, K., Bohn, B., Brauers, T., Chang, C.-C., Fuchs, H., Holland, F., Kita, K., Kondo, Y., Li, X., Lou, S., Shao, M., Zeng, L., Wahner, A., and Zhang, Y.: Amplified trace gas removal in the troposphere, Science, 324, 1702–1704, 2009. Holst, T., Arneth, A., Hayward, S., Ekberg, A., Mastepanov, M., Jackowicz-Korczynski, M., Friborg, T., Crill, P. M., and B\"sckstrand, K.: BVOC ecosystem flux measurements at a high latitude wetland site, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 1617–1634, doi:10.5194/acp-10-1617-2010, 2010. Huete, A. R., Didan, K., Shimabukuro, Y. E., Ratana, P., Saleska, S. R., Hutyra, L. R., Yang, W., Nemani, R. R., and Myneni, R.: Amazon rainforests green-up with sunlight in dry season, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L06405, doi:10.1029/2005GL025583, 2006. Johns, T. C., Durman, C. F., Banks, H. T., et al.: The new Hadley Centre climate model HadGEM1: Evaluation of coupled simulations, J. Climate, 19, 1327–1353, 2006. Karl, T., Guenther, A., Yokelson, R. J., Greenberg, J., Potosnak, M., Blake, D. R., and Artaxo, P.: The tropical forest and fire emissions experiment: emission, chemistry, and transport of biogenic volatile organic compounds in the lower atmosphere over Amazonia, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D18302, doi:10.1029/2007JD008539, 2007. Kesselmeier, J. and Staudt M.: Biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOC): An overview on emission, physiology and ecology, J. Atmos. Chem., 33, 23–88, 1999. Loveland, T. R., Reed, B. C., Brown, J. F., Ohlen, D. O., Zhu, Z., Yang, L., and Merchant, J. W.: Development of a global land cover characteristics database and IGBP DISCover from 1 km AVHRR data, Int. J. Remote Sens., 21(6–7), 1303–1330, 2000. Martin, M. J., Stirling, C. M., Humphries, S. W., and Long, S. P.: A process-based model to predict the effects of climatic change on leaf isoprene emission rates, Ecol. Model., 131, 161–174, 2000. Mercado, L. M., Huntingford, C., Gash, J. H. C., Cox, P. M., and Jogireddy, V.: Improving the representation of radiation interception and photosynthesis for climate model applications, Tellus B, 59, 553–565, 2007. Monson, R. K. and Fall, R.: Isoprene emission from aspen leaves, Plant Physiol., 90, 267–274, 1989. Monson, R. K., Jaeger, C. H., Adams, W. W., Driggers, E. M., Silver, G. M., and Fall, R.: Relationships among isoprene emission rate, photosynthesis, and isoprene synthase activity as influenced by temperature, Plant Physiol., 98, 1175–1180, 1992. Monson, R. K., Trahan, N., Rosenstiel, T. N., Veres, P., Moore, D., Wilkinson, M., Norby, R. J., Volder, A., Tjoelker, M. G., Briske, D. D., Karnosky, D. F., and Fall, R.: Isoprene emission from terrestrial ecosystems in response to global change: minding the gap between models and observations, Philos. T. R. Soc. A., 365, 1677–1695, 2007. Müller, J.-F., Stavrakou, T., Wallens, S., De Smedt, I., Van Roozendael, M., Potosnak, M. J., Rinne, J., Munger, B., Goldstein, A., and Guenther, A. B.: Global isoprene emissions estimated using MEGAN, ECMWF analyses and a detailed canopy environment model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1329–1341, doi:10.5194/acp-8-1329-2008, 2008. Niinemets, Ü., Tenhunen, J. D., Harley, P. C., and Steinbrecher, R.: A model of isoprene emission based on energetic requirements for isoprene synthesis and leaf photosynthetic properties for Liquidambar and Quercus, Plant Cell Environ., 22, 1319–1335, 1999. Niinemets, Ü., Arneth, A., Kuhn, U., Monson, R. K., Peñuelas, J., and Staudt, M.: The emission factor of volatile isoprenoids: stress, acclimation, and developmental responses, Biogeosciences, 7, 2203–2223, doi:10.5194/bg-7-2203-2010, 2010a. Niinemets, Ü., Monson, R. K., Arneth, A., Ciccioli, P., Kesselmeier, J., Kuhn, U., Noe, S. M., Peñuelas, J., and Staudt, M.: The leaf-level emission factor of volatile isoprenoids: caveats, model algorithms, response shapes and scaling, Biogeosciences, 7, 1809–1832, doi:10.5194/bg-7-1809-2010, 2010b. Pacifico, F., Harrison, S. P., Jones, C. D., and Sitch, S.: Isoprene emissions and climate, Atmos. Environ., 43(39), 6121–6135, 2009. Palmer, P. I., Jacob, D. J., Fiore, A. M., Martin, R. V., Chance, K., and Kurosu, T. P.: Mapping isoprene emissions over North America using formaldehyde column observations from space, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D6), 4180, doi:10.1029/2002JD002153, 2003. Palmer, P. I., Abbot, D. S., Fu, T.- M., Jacob, D. J., Chance, K., Kurosu, T. P., Guenther, A., Wiedinmyer, C., Stanton, J. C., Pilling, M. J., Pressley, S. N., Lamb, B., and Sumner, A. L.: Quantifying the seasonal and interannual variability of North American isoprene emissions using satellite observations of the formaldehyde column, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D12315, doi:10.1029/2005JD006689, 2006. Pegoraro, E., Rey, A., Bobich, E. G., Barron-Gafford, G., Grieve, K. A., Malhi, Y., and Murthy, R.: Effect of elevated CO<sub>2</sub> concentration and vapour pressure deficit on isoprene emission from leaves of \textitPopulus deltoides during drought, Funct. Plant Biol., 31, 1137–1147, 2004. Pressley, S., Lamb, B., Westberg, H., Flaherty, J., Chen, J., and Vogel, C.: Long-term isoprene flux measurements above a northern hardwood forest, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D07301, doi:10.1029/2004JD005523, 2005. Rosenstiel, T. N., Ebbets, A. L., Khatri, W. C., Fall, R., and Monson, R. K.: Induction of Poplar leaf nitrate reductase: A test of extrachloroplastic control of Isoprene emission rate, Plant Biol., 6, 12–21, 2004. Sanadze, G. A.: Biogenic isoprene (a review), Russ. J. Plant Physl+., 51(6), 729–741, 2004. Sanderson, M. G., Jones, C. D., Collins, W. J., Johnson, C. E., and Derwent, R. G.: Effect of climate change on isoprene emissions and surface ozone levels, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(18), 1936~pp., 2003. Sellers, P. J., Berry, J. A., Collatz, G. J., Field, C. B., and Hall, F. G.: Canopy reflectance, photosynthesis, and transpiration III. A reanalysis using improved leaf models and a new canopy integration scheme, Remote Sens. Environ., 42, 187–216, 1992. Sharkey, T. D. and Loreto, F.: Water stress, temperature, and light effects on the capacity for isoprene emission and photosynthesis of kudzu leaves, Oecologia, 95, 328–333, 1993. Shim, C., Wang, Y., Choi, Y., Palmer, P. I., Abbot, D., and Chance, K.: Constraining global isoprene emissions with Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) formaldehyde column measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D24301, doi:10.1029/2004JD005629, 2005. Schurgers, G., Hickler, T., Miller, P. A., and Arneth, A.: European emissions of isoprene and monoterpenes from the Last Glacial Maximum to present, Biogeosciences, 6, 2779–2797, doi:10.5194/bg-6-2779-2009, 2009. Sitch, S., Smith, B., Prentice, I. C., Arneth, A., Bondeau, A., Cramer, W., Kaplan, J. O., Levis, S., Lucht, W., Sykes, M. T., Thonicke, K., and Venevsky, S.: Evaluation of ecosystem dynamics, plant geography and terrestrial carbon cycling in the LPJ dynamic global vegetation model, Glob. Change Biol., 9(2), 161–185, 2003. Smith, B., Prentice, I. C., and Sykes, M. T.: Representation of vegetation dynamics in the modelling of terrestrial ecosystems: comparing two contrasting approaches within European climate space, Global Ecol. Biogeogr., 10, 621–637, 2001. Telford, P. J., Lathiére, J., Abraham, N. L., Archibald, A. T., Braesicke, P., Johnson, C. E., Morgenstern, O., O'Connor, F. M., Pike, R. C., Wild, O., Young, P. J., Beerling, D. J., Hewitt, C. N., and Pyle, J.: Effects of climate-induced changes in isoprene emissions after the eruption of Mount Pinatubo, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 7117–7125, doi:10.5194/acp-10-7117-2010, 2010. Valdes, P. J., Beerling, D. J., and Johnson, C. E.: The ice age methane budget, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L02704, doi:10.1029/2004GL021004, 2005. Weedon, G. P., Gomes, S., Viterbo, P., Österle, H., Adam, J. C., Bellouin, N., Boucher, O., and Best, M.: The WATCH forcing data 1958–2001: a meteorological forcing dataset for land surface and hydrological models. WATCH technical report 22, available at: www.eu-watch.org, 2010. Wiberley, A. E., Linskey, A. R., Falbel, T. G., and Sharkey, T. D.: Development of the capacity for isoprene emission in kudzu, Plant Cell Environ., 28(7), 898–905, 2005. Wiedinmyer, C., Guenther, A., Harley, P., Hewitt, C. N., Geron, C., Artaxo, P., Steinbrecher, R., and Rasmussen, R.: Global organic emissions from vegetation, in: Emissions of Atmospheric Trace Compounds, edited by: Granier, C., Artaxo, P., and Reeves, C. E, Kluwer Publishing Co, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 115–170, 2004. Wolter, K. and Timlin, M.: Monitoring ENSO in COADS with a seasonally adjusted principal component index, in: Proc. of the 17th Climate Diagnostics Workshop, Norman, OK, NOAA/N MC/CAC, NSSL, Oklahoma Clim. Survey, CIMMS and the School of Meteor., Univ. of Oklahoma, 52–57, 1993. Wolter, K. and Timlin, M. S.: Measuring the strength of ENSO events – how does 1997/98 rank? Weather, 53, 315–324, 1998. Young, P. J., Arneth, A., Schurgers, G., Zeng, G., and Pyle, J. A.: The CO<sub>2</sub> inhibition of terrestrial isoprene emission significantly affects future ozone projections, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2793–2803, doi:10.5194/acp-9-2793-2009, 2009. Zimmer, W., Steinbrecher, R., Körner, C., and Schnitzler, J.-P.: The process-based SIM-BIM model: towards more realistic prediction of isoprene emissions from adult Quercus petrea forest trees, Atmos. Environ., 37(12), 1665–1671, 2003.