Ground-based PM<sub>2.5</sub> samples collected in Pearl River Delta (PRD) region during winter and summer (from 14 December 2006 to 28 January 2007 in winter and from 4 July 2007 to 9 August 2007 in summer) were analyzed for 30 water-soluble organic species, including dicarboxylic acids, ketocarboxylic acids and dicarbonyls, nine fatty acids, and benzoic acid. Molecular distributions of dicarboxylic acids demonstrated that oxalic acid (C<sub>2</sub>) was the most abundant species followed by phthalic acid (Ph) in PRD region. The concentrations of total dicarboxylic acids ranged from 99 to 1340 ng m<sup>−3</sup>, with an average of 438 ± 267 ng m<sup>−3</sup> in PRD. The concentrations of total ketocarboxylic acids ranged from 0.6 to 207 ng m<sup>−3</sup> (43 ± 48 ng m<sup>−3</sup> on average) while the concentrations of total α-dicarbonyls, including glyoxal and methylglyoxal, ranged from 0.2 to 89 ng m<sup>−3</sup>, with an average of 11 ± 18 ng m<sup>−3</sup> in PRD. The total quantified water-soluble organic carbon (TQWOC) accounted for 3.4 ± 2.2% of OC and 14.3 ± 10.3% of water-soluble OC (WSOC). Hexadecanoic acid (C<sub>16:0</sub>), octadecanoic acid (C<sub>18:0</sub>) and oleic acid (C<sub>18:1</sub>) are the three most abundant fatty acids in PRD. The distributions of fatty acids are characterized by a strong even carbon number predominance with a maximum (C<sub>max</sub>) at hexadecanoic acid (C<sub>16:0</sub>). Ratio of C<sub>18:1</sub> to C<sub>18:0</sub> acts as an indicator for aerosol aging. In PRD, an average of C<sub>18:1</sub>/C<sub>18:0</sub> ratio was 0.53 ± 0.39, suggesting an enhanced photochemical degradation of unsaturated fatty acid. Seasonal variations of the pollutant concentrations were found in the four sampling cities. Higher concentrations of TQWOC were observed in winter (544 ng m<sup>−3</sup>) than in summer (318 ng m<sup>−3</sup>). However, the abundances of TQWOC in OC mass were higher in summer (1.8–12.4%, 5.4% on average) than in winter (1.1–5.7, 2.6% on average), being consistent with enhanced secondary production of dicarboxylic acids in warmer weather. Spatial variations of water-soluble dicarboxylic acids were characterized by higher concentrations in Hong Kong and lower concentrations Guangzhou (GZ)/Zhaoqing (ZQ) during winter whereas highest concentrations were observed in GZ/ZQ during summer. These spatial and seasonal distributions are consistent with photochemical production and the subsequent accumulation under different meteorological conditions.