ACPD Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions ACPD 1680-7375 Copernicus GmbH Göttingen, Germany 10.5194/acpd-10-26513-2010 Anthropogenic and natural constituents in particulate matter in the Netherlands Weijers E. P. 1 Schaap M. 2 Nguyen L. 3 Matthijsen J. 4 Denier van der Gon H. A. C. 2 ten Brink H. M. 1 Hoogerbrugge R. 3 Department of Air Quality and Climate Change, Energy research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN), Petten, The Netherlands TNO, Business unit Environment, Health and Safety, Utrecht, The Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL), Bilthoven, The Netherlands 05 11 2010 10 11 26513 26549 This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/10/26513/2010/acpd-10-26513-2010.html The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/10/26513/2010/acpd-10-26513-2010.pdf

To develop mitigation strategies for reducing concentrations of both PM<sub>2.5</sub> (and PM<sub>10</sub>), the origin of particulate matter (PM) needs to be established. An intensive, one-year measurement campaign from August 2007 to August 2008 was carried out to determine the composition of PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub> at five locations in the Netherlands, aiming at reducing the uncertainties on the origin of PM. Generally, a considerable conformity in the chemical composition of PM<sub>2.5</sub> (and PM<sub>10</sub>) was observed. From all the constituents present in PM<sub>2.5</sub>, the secondary inorganic aerosol is the most dominant (42–48%), followed by total carbonaceous matter (22–37%). Contributions due to sea salt (maximum 8%), mineral dust and metals (maximum 5%) are relatively low. For the first time, a detailed overview can be presented of the composition of the coarse fraction. Compared to the fine fraction, contributions of the sea salt, mineral dust and metals are now larger resulting in a more balanced distribution between the various constituents. Through mass closure a considerable part of the PM mass could be defined (PM<sub>2.5</sub>: 80–94%). The chemical distribution on days with high PM levels showed a distinct increase of nitrate as well as in the mass not accounted for. Contributions of the remaining constituents remained equal of were lower (sea salt) when expressed in percentages. A correspondence between nitrate and the unknown mass was observed hinting at the presence of water on the filters. The contribution from natural sources in the Netherlands was estimated to be about 25% for PM<sub>10</sub> and 20% for PM<sub>2.5</sub>.

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