<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/inc/acpd/copernicus.dtd">
<article language="en">
	<journal>
		<journal_title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions</journal_title>
		<journal_url>www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net</journal_url>
		<issn>1680-7367</issn>
		<eissn>1680-7375</eissn>
		<volume_number>10</volume_number>
		<issue_number>2</issue_number>
		<publication_year>2010</publication_year>
	</journal>
	<doi>10.5194/acpd-10-2633-2010</doi>
	<article_url>http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/10/2633/2010/</article_url>
	<abstract_html>http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/10/2633/2010/acpd-10-2633-2010.html</abstract_html>
	<fulltext_pdf>http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/10/2633/2010/acpd-10-2633-2010.pdf</fulltext_pdf>
	<start_page>2633</start_page>
	<end_page>2668</end_page>
	<publication_date>2010-02-03</publication_date>
	<article_title content_type="html">Long-term trends in the middle atmosphere dynamics at northern middle latitudes – one regime or two different regimes?</article_title>
	<authors>
		<author numeration="1" affiliations="1">
			<name>J. Lastovicka</name>
			<email>jla@ufa.cas.cz</email>
		</author>
		<author numeration="2" affiliations="1">
			<name>P. Krizan</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="3" affiliations="1">
			<name>M. Kozubek</name>
		</author>
	</authors>
	<affiliations>
		<affiliation numeration="1" content_type="html">Institute of Atmospheric Physics of ASCR, Bocni II, 14131 Prague, Czech Republic</affiliation>
	</affiliations>
	<abstract content_type="html">Due to increasing atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases and changing
stratospheric ozone concentration, both of anthropogenic origin, various
quantities in the middle atmosphere reveal long-term changes and trends.
Lastovicka and Krizan (2006) indicated possibility of change of trends in
the dynamics in the northern midlatitude middle atmosphere as a whole in the
1990s. To search for such change of trends we use data on winds in the
mesopause region, on total columnar ozone, on ozone laminae, on winds in the
middle and lower stratosphere, and on peak electron density in the E region
of the ionosphere. One group of quantities, the mesopause region wind-like
trends, changes their trends around 1990, the other one, the total
ozone-like trends, in the mid-1990s. Altogether they create a skeleton of
scenario of the change of the middle atmosphere dynamics trends in the
1990s. Drivers of these changes appear to be different for the first group
and for the second group. Tropospheric processes seem to play a role in the
changes of trends in middle atmospheric dynamics.</abstract>
	<references>
		<reference numeration="1" content_type="text"> Akmaev, R. A., Fomichev, V. I., and Zhu, X.: Impact of middle-atmospheric composition changes on greenhouse cooling in the upper atmosphere, J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys., 68, 1879–1889, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="2" content_type="text"> Andersen, S. B., Weatherhead, E. C., Stevermer, A., Austin, J., Brühl, C., Fleming, E .L., de Grandpré, J., Grewe, F., Isaksen, I., Pitari, G., Portman, R. W., Roguerud, B., Rosenfield, J. E., Smyshlaev, S., Nagashima, T., Velders, G. J. M., Weisenstein, D. K., and Xia, J.: Comparison of recent modelled and observed trends in total column ozone. J. Geophys. Res., 111, D02303, doi:10.1029/2005JD006091, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="3" content_type="text"> Ansman, A., Mattis, I., Wandinger, U., Wagner, F., Reichardt, J., and Deshler, T.: Evolution of the Pinatubo aerosol: Raman lidar observations of particle optical depth, effective radius, and surface area over central Europe at 53.4&amp;deg; N, J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 2630–2641, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="4" content_type="text"> Angell, J.K., and Free, M.: Ground-based observations of the slowdown in ozone decline and onset of ozone increase. J. Geophys. Res., 114, D07303, doi: 10.1029/2008JD010860, 2009. </reference>
		<reference numeration="5" content_type="text"> Baumgaertner, A. J. G., McDonald, A. J., Fraser, G. J., and Plank, G. E.: Long-term observations of mean winds and tides in the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere above Scott Base, Antarctica, J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys., 67, 1480–1496, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="6" content_type="text"> Beig, G., Keckhut, P., Lowe, R. P., Roble, R. G., Mlynczak, M. G., Scheer, J., Fomichev, V. I., Offermann, D., French, W .J. R., Shepherd, M. G., Semenov, A. I., Remsberg, E. E., She, C. Y., Lübken, F.-J., Bremer, J., Clemesha, B. R., Stegman, J., Sigernes, F., and Fadnavis, S.: Review of mesospheric temperature trends, Rev. Geophys., 41(4), 1015, doi:10.1029/2002RG000121, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="7" content_type="text"> Bremer, J.: Long-term trends in the ionospheric E and F1 regions. Ann. Geophys., 26, 1189–1197, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="8" content_type="text"> Fomichev, V. I., Jonsson, A. I., de Grandpré, J., Beagley, S. R., McLandress, C., Semeniuk, K., and Shepherd, T. G.: Response of the middle atmosphere to CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; doubling: Results from the Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model, J. Clim., 20(7), 1255–1264, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="9" content_type="text"> Garcia, R. R., Marsh, D. R., Kinnison, D. E., Boville, B. A., and Sassi, F.: Simulation of secular trends in the middle atmosphere, 1950–2003, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D09301, doi:10.1029/2006JD007485, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="10" content_type="text"> Harris, N. R. P., Kyrö, E., Staehelin, J., Brunner, D., Andersen, S.-B., Godin-Beekmann, S., Dhomse, S., Hadjinicolaou, P., Hansen, G., Isaksen, I., Jrrar, A., Karpetchko, A., Kivi, R., Knudsen, B., Krizan, P., Lastovicka, J., Maeder, J., Orsolini, Y., Pyle, J. A., Rex, M., Vanicek, K., Weber, M., Wohltmann, I., Zanis, P., Zerefos, C.: Ozone trends at northern mid- and high latitudes – A European perspective, Ann. Geophys., 26(5), 1207–1220, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="11" content_type="text"> Hudson, R. D., Frolov, A. D., Andrade, M. F., and Follette, M. B.: The total ozone field separated into meteorological regimes. Part I. Defining the regimes, J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 1664–1677, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="12" content_type="text"> Jacobi, C., Hoffmann, P., Liu, R. Q., Krizan, P., Lastovicka, J., Merzlyakov, E. G., Solovjova, T. V., and Protnyagin, Yu. I.: Midlatitude mesopause region winds and waves and comparison with stratospheric variability. J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys., 71, 1540–1546, doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2009.05.004, 2009. </reference>
		<reference numeration="13" content_type="text"> Jacobi, Ch., Lange, M., Kürschner, D., Manson A. H., and Meek, C. E.: A long-term comparison of Saskatoon MF radar and Collm LF D1 mesosphere-lower thermosphere wind measurements, Phys. Chem. Earth, 26, 419–424, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="14" content_type="text"> Keuer, D., Hoffmann, P., Singer, W., and Bremer, J.: Long-term variations of the mesospheric wind field at mid-latitudes. Ann. Geophys., 25, 1779–1790, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="15" content_type="text"> Krizan, P. and Lastovicka, J.: Definition and determination of ozone laminae in ozone profiles, Studia Geoph. Geod., 48, 777–789, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="16" content_type="text"> Krizan, P. and Lastovicka, J.: Trends in positive and negative ozone laminae in the Northern Hemisphere. J. Geophys. Res., 110, D10107, doi:10.1029/2004JD005477, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="17" content_type="text"> Krizan, P. and Lastovicka, J.: Ozone laminae: Comparison of the Southern and Northern Hemisphere, and tentative explanation of trends, J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys., 68(17), 1962–1972, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="18" content_type="text"> Krzyscin, W. J.: Change in ozone depletion rates beginning in the mid 1990s: Trend analyses of the TOMS/ SBUV merged total ozone data, 1978–2003, Ann. Geophys., 24, 493–502, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="19" content_type="text"> Lastovicka, J.: Very strong negative trends in laminae in ozone profiles, Phys. Chem. Earth, 27, 477–483, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="20" content_type="text"> Lastovicka, J.: Global pattern of trends in the upper atmosphere and ionosphere: Recent progress. J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys., 71, 1514–1528, doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2009.01.010, 2009. </reference>
		<reference numeration="21" content_type="text"> Lastovicka, J., Akmaev, R. A., Beig, G., Bremer, J., and Emmert, J. T.: Global change in the upper atmosphere, Science, 314 (5803), 1253–1254, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="22" content_type="text"> Lastovicka, J., Akmaev, R. A., Beig, G., Bremer, J., Emmert, J. T., Jacobi, C., Jarvis, M. J., Nedoluha, G., Portnyagin, Yu. I., and Ulich, T.: Emerging pattern of global change in the upper atmosphere and ionosphere, Ann. Geophys., 26(5), 1255–1268, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="23" content_type="text"> Lastovicka, J. and Krizan, P.: Trends in laminae in ozone profiles in relation to trends in some other middle atmospheric parameters, Phys. Chem. Earth, 31(1–3), 46–53, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="24" content_type="text"> Manney, G. L., Krüger, K., Sabutis, J. L., Sena, S. A., and Rawson, S.: The remarkable 2003–2004 winter and other recent warm winters in the Arctic stratosphere since the late 1990s, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D04107, doi:10.1029/2004JD005367. </reference>
		<reference numeration="25" content_type="text"> Offermann, D., Jarisch, M., Donner, M., Oberheide, J., Wohltmann, I., Garcia, R., Marsh, D., Naujokat, B., and Winkler, P.: Middle atmosphere summer duration as an indicator of long-term circulation changes, Adv. Space Res., 35(8), 1416–1422, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="26" content_type="text"> Offermann, D., Jarisch, M., Donner, M., Steinbrecht, W., and Semenov, A. I.: OH-temperature re-analysis forced by recent variance increases, J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys., 68(17), 1924–1933, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="27" content_type="text"> Orsolini, Y., Hansen, G., Manney, G.L., Livesey, N., and Hoppe, U.-P.: Lagrangian reconstruction of ozone column and profile at the Arctic Lidar Observatory for Middle Atmospheric Research (ALOMAR) throughout the in winter and spring of 1997–1998, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 10011–10021, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="28" content_type="text"> Orsolini, Y., Manney, G. L., Engel, A., Ovarlez, J., Claud, Ch., and Coy, L.: Layering in stratospheric profiles of long-lived trace species: Balloon-borne observations and modeling, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 5815–5825, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="29" content_type="text"> Pierce, R. B. and Grant, W. B.: Seasonal evolution of Rossby and gravity wave induced laminae in ozone data obtained at Wallops Island, Virginia, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 1859–1862, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="30" content_type="text"> Portnyagin, Yu. I., Merzlyakov, E. G., Solovjova, T. V., Jacobi, Ch., Kürschner, D., Manson, A., and Meek, C.:. Long-term trends and year-to-year variability of mid-latitude mesosphere/lower thermosphere winds. J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys., 68, 1890–1901, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="31" content_type="text"> Ramaswamy, V., Chanin, M.-L., Angell, J., Barnett, J., Gaffen, D., Gelman, M., Keckhut, P., Koshelkov, Y., Labitzke, K., Lin, J. J. R., O&apos;Neil, A., Nash, J., Randel, W., Rood, R., Shiotani, M., Swinbank, R., and Shine, K.: Stratospheric temperature trends: observations and model simulations, Rev. Geophys., 39, 71–122, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="32" content_type="text"> Randel, W. J., Shine, K. P., Austin, J., Barnett, J., Claud, C., Gillett, N. P., Keckhut, P., Langematz, U., Lin, R., Long, C., Mears, C., Miller, A., Nash, J., Seidel, D. J., Thompson, D. W. J., Wu, F., and Yoden, S.,: An update of observed stratospheric temperature trends. J. Geophys. Res., 114, DO2107, doi:10.1029/2008JD010421, 2009. </reference>
		<reference numeration="33" content_type="text"> Reid, S. J. and Vaughan, G.: Lamination in ozone profiles in the lower stratosphere. Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 117, 825–844, 1991. </reference>
		<reference numeration="34" content_type="text"> Reid, S. J., Vaughan, G., Mitchell, NJ., Prichard, I. T., Smith, H. J., Jorgensen, T. S., Varotsos, C., and de Backer, H.: Distribution of ozone laminae during EASOE and the possible influence of inertia-gravity waves. Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 1479–1482, 1994. </reference>
		<reference numeration="35" content_type="text"> Reinsel, G. C., Miller, A. J., Weatherhead, E. C., Flynn, L. E., Nagatani, R. M., Tiao, G. C., and Wuebbles, D. J.: Trend analysis of total ozone data for turnaround and dynamical contributions. J. Geophys. Res., 110, D16306, doi:10.1029/2004JD004662, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="36" content_type="text"> Staehelin, J., Harris, N. R. P., Appenzeller, C., and J. Eberhard, J.: Ozone trends: a review, Rev. Geophys., 39, 231–290, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="37" content_type="text"> Weiss, A., Staehelin, J., Appenzeller, C., and Harris, N.R. P.: Chemical and dynamical contributions to ozone profile trends at the Payerne (Switzerland) balloon soundings, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 22685–22694, 2001. </reference>
	</references>
</article>

