<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ACPD</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ACPD</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1680-7375</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus GmbH</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/acpd-10-22469-2010</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Aerosol flux measurements above a mixed forest at Borden, Ontario</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Gordon</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Staebler</surname>
<given-names>R. M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Liggio</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Vlasenko</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>S.-M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hayden</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, Toronto, Canada</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>01</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>10</volume>
<issue>10</issue>
<fpage>22469</fpage>
<lpage>22513</lpage>
<permissions>
<license xlink:type="simple">
<license-p>This is an open-access article ditributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/10/22469/2010/acpd-10-22469-2010.html">This article is available from http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/10/22469/2010/acpd-10-22469-2010.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/10/22469/2010/acpd-10-22469-2010.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/10/22469/2010/acpd-10-22469-2010.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Aerosol fluxes were measured above a mixed forest by Eddy Covariance
      (EC) with a Fast Mobility Particle Sizer (FMPS) at the Borden Forest
      Research Station in Ontario, Canada between 13 July and 12 August
      2009. The FMPS, mounted at a height of 33 m (approximately 10 m
      above the canopy top) and housed in a temperature controlled
      enclosure, measured size-resolved particle concentrations for 3 to
      410 nm at a rate of 1 Hz. For the size range 20&lt;&lt;i&gt;D&lt;/i&gt;&lt;410 nm,
      60% of fluxes were upward. The exchange velocity is between
      &amp;minus;0.5 and 2.0 mm s&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;, with median values near
      0.5 mm s&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; for all sizes between 24 and 280 nm. The net
      production rate of particles is highest for 75 nm particles and is
      near 0.4&amp;times;10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;. Results indicate
      a decoupling of the above and below canopy spaces, whereby particles
      are stored in the canopy space at night, and are then diluted with
      cleaner air above during the day. Chemically speciated flux
      measurements from a previous study at the same location using
      a Quadrupole Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (Q-AMS) demonstrate a tendency
      towards downward fluxes, which may be due to an organic particle
      component which can not be resolved by the flux mode of the Q-AMS.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="45"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="ref1">
<label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Ahlm,~L., Nilsson,~E D., Krejci,~R., Mårtensson,~E M., Vogt,~M., and Artaxo,~P.: Aerosol number fluxes over the Amazon rain forest during the wet season, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 9381–9400, \doi10.5194/acp-9-9381-2009, 2009. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref2">
<label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Bleyl,~M R.: Experimentelle Bestimmung der Depositionsgeschwindigkeit luftgetragener Partikel mit Hilfe der Eddy–Kovarianzmethode über einem Fichtenaltbestand im Solling, Ph.D. thesis (in German), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany, 2001. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref3">
<label>3</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Businger,~J A.: Evaluation of the accuracy with which dry deposition can be measured with current micrometeorological techniques, J Clim. Appl. Meteorol., 25, 1100–1124, 1986. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref4">
<label>4</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Buzorius,~G., Rannik, Ü., Mäkelä,~J M., Vesala,~T., and Kulmala,~M.: Vertical aerosol particle fluxes measured by eddy covariance technique using condensational particle counter, J Aerosol. Sci., 29(1/2), 157–171, 1998. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref5">
<label>5</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Buzorius,~G., Rannik, Ü., Mäkelä,~J M., Keronen,~P., Vesala,~T., and Kulmala,~M.: Vertical aerosol fluxes measured by the eddy covariance method and deposition of nucleation mode particles above a~Scots pine forest in Southern Finland, J Geophys. Res., 105(D15), 19905–19916, 2000. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref6">
<label>6</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Buzorius,~G., Rannik, Ü., Nilsson,~D., and Kulmala,~M.: Vertical fluxes and micrometeorology during aerosol particle formation events, Tellus, 53B, 394–495, 2001. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref7">
<label>7</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Crosier,~J., Jimenez,~J L., Allan,~J D., Bower,~K N., Williams,~P I., Alfarra,~R., Canagaratna,~M R., Jayne,~J T., Worsnop,~D R., and Coe,~H.: Technical Note: Description and use of the New Jump Mass Spectrum Mode of Operation for the Aerodyne Quadrupole Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (QAMS), Aerosol Sci. Tech., 41, 865–872, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref8">
<label>8</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Erisman,~J W. and Draaijers,~G.: Deposition to forests in Europe: most important factors influencing dry deposition and models used for generalisation, Environ. Pollut., 124(3), 379–388, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref9">
<label>9</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Gaman,~A., Rannik, Ü., Aalto,~P., Pohja,~T., Siivola,~E., Kulmala,~M., and Vesala,~T.: Relaxed eddy accumulation system for size-resolved aerosol particle flux measurements, J Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 21, 933–943, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref10">
<label>10</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Grönholm,~T., Aalto,~P P., Hiltunen,~V., Rannik, Ü., Rinne,~J., Laakso,~L., Hyvönen,~S., Vesala,~T., and Kulmala,~M.: Measurements of aerosol particle dry deposition velocity using the relaxed eddy accumulation technique, Tellus, 59B, 381–386, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref11">
<label>11</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Held,~A. and Klemm,~O.: Direct measurement of turbulent particle exchange with a~twin CPC eddy covariance system, Atmos. Environ., 40, 92–102, \doi10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.09.092, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref12">
<label>12</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Horst,~T W.: A~simple formula for attenuation of eddy fluxes measured with first-order-response scalar sensors, Bound.-Lay. Metoerol., 82, 219–233, 1997. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref13">
<label>13</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group~I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M., and Millers, H. L., 996~pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref14">
<label>14</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Jimenez,~J L., Jayne,~J T., Shi,~Q., Kolb,~C E., Worsnop,~D R., Yourshaw,~I., Seinfeld,~J H., Flagan,~R C., Zhang,~X., Smith,~K A., Morris,~J W., and Davidovits,~P.: Ambient aerosol sampling using the Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer, J Geophys. Res., 108(D7), 8425–8438, \doi10.1029/2001JD001213, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref15">
<label>15</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Kowalski,~A.: Deliquescence induces eddy covariance and estimable dry deposition errors, Atmos. Environ., 35, 4843–4851, 2001. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref16">
<label>16</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Lamaud,~E., Brunet,~Y., Labatut,~A., Lopez,~A., Fontan,~J., and Druilhet,~A.: The Landes experiment: biosphere-atmosphere exchanges of ozone and aerosol particles above a~pine forest, J Geophys. Res., 99, 16511–16521, 1994. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref17">
<label>17</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Lee,~X H., Fuentes,~J D., Staebler,~R M., and Neumann,~H H.: Long-term observation of the atmospheric exchange of \chemCO_2 with a~temperate deciduous forest in Southern Ontario, Canada, J Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 104(D13), 15975–15984, 1999. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref18">
<label>18</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Lippmann,~M.: Environmental Toxicants, Wiley Interscience, New York, 2009. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref19">
<label>19</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Lumley,~J L. and Panofsky,~H A.: The Structure of Atmospheric Turbulence. Wiley Interscience, New York, 1964. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref20">
<label>20</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Mäkelä,~J M., Aalto,~P., Jokinen,~V., Pohja,~T., Nissinen,~A., Palmroth,~S., Markkanen,~T., Seitsonen,~K., Lilavainen,~H., and Kulmala,~M.: Observations of ultrafine aerosol particle formation and growth in boreal forest, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24(10), 1219–1222, 1997. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref21">
<label>21</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Malm,~W C.: Fundamentals of visibility, in: Handbook of Weather, Climate and Water: Atmospheric Chemistry, Hydrology, and Societal Impacts, edited by: Potter,~D T. and Colman,~B R., John Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, 285–329, 2003. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref22">
<label>22</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Nemitz,~E., Jimenez,~J L., Huffman,~A., Ulbrich,~I M., Canagaratna,~M R., Worsnop,~D R., and Guenther,~A B.: An Eddy-covariance system for the measurement of surface/atmosphere exchange fluxes of submicron aerosol chemical species – first application above an urban area, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 42, 636–657, 2008. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref23">
<label>23</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Nilsson,~E D., Rannik, Ü., Kulmala,~M., Buzorius,~G., and O&apos;Dowd,~C D.: Effects of continental boundary layer evolution, convection, Tellus, 53B, 441–461, 2001. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref24">
<label>24</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Petroff,~A., Mailliat,~A., Amielh,~M., and Anselmet,~F.: Aerosol dry deposition on vegetative canopies. Part~I: Review of present knowledge, Atmos. Environ., 42(16), 3625–3653, \doi10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.09.043, 2008. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref25">
<label>25</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Pryor,~S C.: Size resolved particle deposition velocities of sub-100 nm diameter particles over a~forest, Atmos. Environ., 40, 6192–6200, 2006. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref26">
<label>26</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Pryor,~S C., Larsen,~S E., Sørensen,~L L., Barthelmie,~R J., Grönholm,~T., Kulmala,~M., Launianinen,~S., Rannik, Ü., and Vesala,~T.: Particle fluxes over forests: analyses of flux methods and functional dependencies, J Geophys. Res., 112, D07205, \doi10.1029/2006JD008066, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref27">
<label>27</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Pryor,~S C., Barthelmie,~R J., Sørensen,~L L., Larsen,~S E., Sempreviva,~A M., Grönholm,~T., Rannik, Ü., Kulmala,~M., and Vesala,~T.: Upward fluxes of particles over forests: when, where, why?, Tellus, 60B, 372–380, 2008a. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref28">
<label>28</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Pryor,~S C., Gallagher,~M., Sievering,~H., Larsen,~S E., Barthelmie,~R J., Birsan,~F., Nemitz,~E., Rinne,~J., Kulmala,~M., Grönholm,~T., Taipale,~R., and Vesala,~T.: A~review of measurement and modelling results of particle atmosphere–surface exchange, Tellus, 60B, 42–75, 2008b. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref29">
<label>29</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Pryor,~S C., Larsen,~S E., Sørensen,~L L., and Barthelmie,~R J.: Particle fluxes above forests: observations, methodological considerations and method comparisons, Environ. Pollut., 152, 667–678, \doi10.1016/j.envpol.2007.06.068, 2008c. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref30">
<label>30</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Pryor,~S C., Barthelmie,~R J., Spaulding,~A M., Larsen,~S E., and Petroff,~A.: Size-resolved fluxes of sub-100-nm particles over forests, J Geophys. Res., 114, D18212, \doi10.1029/2009JD012248, 2009. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref31">
<label>31</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Rannik, Ü., Vesela,~T., and Keskinen,~R.: On the dampening of temperature fluctuations in a~circular tube relevant to eddy covariance measurement technique, J Geophys. Res., 102(D11), 12789–12794, 1997. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref32">
<label>32</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Rannik, Ü., Mammarella,~I., Aalto,~P., Keronen,~P., Vesala,~T., and Kulmala,~M.: Long-term aerosol particle flux observations. Part~I: Uncertainties and time-average statistics, Atmos. Environ., 43(21), 3431–3439, \doi10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.02.049, 2009. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref33">
<label>33</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Spranger,~T., Lorenz,~U., Gregor,~H D. (eds.): Manual on Methodologies and Criteria for Modelling and Mapping Critical Loads and Levels and Air Pollution Effects, Risks and Trends, Federal Environment Agency, Berlin, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref34">
<label>34</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Staebler,~R M., Fuentes,~J D., Lee,~X H., Puckett,~K J., Neumann,~H H., Deary,~M J., and Arnold,~J A.: Long term flux measurements at the Borden forest, CMOS Bull. SCMO, 28(1), 9–16, 2000. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref35">
<label>35</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Swietlicki,~E., Zhou,~J., Covert,~D S., Hameri,~K., Busch,~B., and 11 others: Hygroscopic properties of aerosol particles in the Northeastern Atlantic during ACE-2, Tellus, 52B, 201–227, 2000. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref36">
<label>36</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Teklemariam,~T., Staebler,~R M., and Barr,~A G.: Eight years of carbon dioxide exchange above a~mixed forest at Borden, Ontario, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 149, 2040–2053, \doi10.1016/j.agrformet.2009.07.011, 2009. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref37">
<label>37</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Tammet,~H., Murmee,~A., and Tamm,~E.: Electrical aerosol spectrometer of Tartu University, Atmos. Res., 62, 315–324, \doi10.1016/S0169-8095(02)00017-0, 2002. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref38">
<label>38</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Thomas,~R M.: Measurement of speciated aerosol fluxes, Ph.D. thesis, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK, 2007. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref39">
<label>39</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Vong,~R J., Vickers,~D., and Covert,~D S.: Eddy correlation measurements of aerosol deposition to grass, Tellus, 56B, 105–117, 2004. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref40">
<label>40</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Webb,~E., Pearman,~G., and Leuning,~R.: Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer, Q J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 106, 85–100, 1980. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref41">
<label>41</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Wilczak,~J M., Oncley,~S P., and Stage,~S A.: Sonic anemometer tilt correction algorithms, Bound.-Lay. Met., 99, 127–150, 2001. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref42">
<label>42</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple"> Wyers,~G P. and Duyzer,~J H.: Micrometeorological measurements of the dry deposition flux of sulphate and nitrate aerosols to coniferous forest, Atmos. Environ., 31(3), 333–343, 1997. </mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>