Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions
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2010
10.5194/acpd-10-1517-2010
http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/10/1517/2010/
http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/10/1517/2010/acpd-10-1517-2010.html
http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/10/1517/2010/acpd-10-1517-2010.pdf
1517
1557
2010-01-20
Large estragole fluxes from oil palms in Borneo
P. K. Misztal
pawel.m@ed.ac.uk
S. M. Owen
A. B. Guenther
R. Rasmussen
C. Geron
P. Harley
G. J. Phillips
A. Ryan
D. P. Edwards
C. N. Hewitt
E. Nemitz
J. Siong
M. R. Heal
J. N. Cape
Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Penicuik, EH26 0QB, UK
School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JJ, UK
Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
Atmospheric Chemistry Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research, 1850 Table Mesa Drive, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
US Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Mail Drop E305-02, 109 TW Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Oregon Graduate Institute, P.O. Box 91000, Portland, OR 97291, USA
Institute of Integrative and Comparative Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
School of Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88999, Malaysia
During two field campaigns (OP3 and ACES), which ran in Borneo in
2008, we measured large emissions of estragole (methyl chavicol; IUPAC
systematic name 1-allyl-4-methoxybenzene; CAS number 140-67-0) in
ambient air above oil palm canopies (0.81 mg m<sup>−2</sup> h<sup>−1</sup> and
3.2 ppbv for mean midday fluxes and mixing ratios, respectively) and
subsequently from flower enclosures. However, we did not detect this
compound at a nearby rainforest. Estragole is a known attractant of
the African oil palm weevil (<i>Elaeidobius kamerunicus</i>), which
pollinates oil palms (<i>Elaeis guineensis</i>). There has been
recent interest in the biogenic emissions of estragole but it is
normally not included in atmospheric models of biogenic emissions and
atmospheric chemistry despite its relatively high potential for
secondary organic aerosol formation from photooxidation and high
reactivity with OH radical. We report the first direct canopy-scale
measurements of estragole fluxes from tropical oil palms by the
virtual disjunct eddy covariance technique and compare them with
previously reported data for estragole emissions from Ponderosa
pine. Flowers, rather than leaves, appear to be the main source of
estragole from oil palms; we derive a global estimate of estragole
emissions from oil palm plantations of ~0.5 Tg y<sup>−1</sup>. The
observed ecosystem mean fluxes (0.44 mg m<sup>−2</sup> h<sup>−1</sup>) and mean
ambient volume mixing ratios (3.0 ppbv) of estragole are the highest
reported so far. The value for midday mixing ratios is not much
different from the total average as, unlike other VOCs (e.g.
isoprene), the main peak occurred in the evening rather than in the
middle of the day. Despite this, we show that the estragole flux can
be parameterised using a combination of a modified G06 algorithm for
emission and a canopy resistance approach for deposition. However, the
model underestimates the afternoon peak even though a similar approach
works well for isoprene. Our measurements suggest that this biogenic
compound may have an impact on regional atmospheric chemistry that
previously has not been accounted for in models and could become more
important in the future due to expansion of the areas of oil palm
plantation.
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