References

ACPD

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions

ACPD

1680-7375

Copernicus GmbH

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/acpd-10-13091-2010

Impact of Manaus City on the Amazon Green Ocean atmosphere: ozone production, precursor sensitivity and aerosol load

Kuhn

¹ ⁹ Ganzeveld

² ¹⁰ Thielmann

¹ ¹¹ Dindorf

¹ Schebeske

¹ Welling

¹ Sciare

¹ ¹² Roberts

¹ ¹³ Meixner

F. X.

¹ ⁸ Kesselmeier

¹ Lelieveld

² Kolle

³ Ciccioli

⁴ Lloyd

⁵ Trentmann

⁶ ¹⁴ Artaxo

⁷ Andreae

M. O.

Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Biogeochemistry Dept., Mainz, Germany

Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Atmospheric Chemistry Dept., Mainz, Germany

Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany

Istituto di Metodologie Chimiche, Area delle Ricerca di Roma, Monterot. Scalo, Italy

Earth and Biosphere Institute, School of Geography, University of Leeds, UK

Institute for Atmospheric Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany

Instituto de Física da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

Physics Dept., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe

now at: Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon Research Station ART, Zurich, Switzerland

now at: Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands

now at: Siemens AG, Environmental Systems and Services, Erlangen, Germany

now at: Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

now at: Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Center for Atmospheric Sciences and Physical Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, USA

now at: German Weather Service (DWD), Offenbach, Germany

25 05 2010

10 5 13091 13178

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As a contribution to the Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia – Cooperative LBA Airborne Regional Experiment (LBA-CLAIRE-2001) field campaign in the heart of the Amazon Basin, we analyzed the temporal and spatial dynamics of the urban plume of Manaus City during the wet-to-dry season transition period in July 2001. During the flights, we performed vertical stacks of crosswind transects in the urban outflow downwind of Manaus City, measuring a comprehensive set of trace constituents including O3, NO, NO2, CO, VOC, CO2, and H2O. Aerosol loads were characterized by total aerosol number concentration (CN) and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations, and light scattering properties. Measurements over pristine rainforest areas during the campaign showed low levels of pollution from biomass burning or industrial emissions, representative of wet season background conditions. The urban plume of Manaus City was found to be joined by plumes from power plants south of the city, all showing evidence of very strong photochemical ozone formation. One episode is discussed in detail, where a threefold increase in ozone mixing ratios in the atmospheric boundary layer occurred within a 100 km travel distance downwind of Manaus. Observation-based estimates of the ozone production rates in the plume reached 15 ppb h−1. Within the plume core, aerosol concentrations were strongly enhanced, with ΔCN/ΔCO ratios about one order of magnitude higher than observed in Amazon biomass burning plumes. ΔCN/ΔCO ratios tended to decrease with increasing transport time, indicative of a significant reduction in particle number by coagulation, and without substantial new particle nucleation occurring within the time/space observed. While in the background atmosphere a large fraction of the total particle number served as CCN (about 60–80% at 0.6% supersaturation), the CCN/CN ratios within the plume indicated that only a small fraction (16 ± 12%) of the plume particles were CCN. The fresh plume aerosols showed relatively weak light scattering efficiency. The CO-normalized CCN concentrations and light scattering coefficients increased with plume age in most cases, suggesting particle growth by condensation of soluble organic or inorganic species. We used a Single Column Chemistry and Transport Model (SCM) to infer the urban pollution emission fluxes of Manaus City, implying observed mixing ratios of CO, NOx and VOC. The model can reproduce the temporal/spatial distribution of ozone enhancements in the Manaus plume, both with and without accounting for the distinct (high NOx) contribution by the power plants; this way examining the sensitivity of ozone production to changes in the emission rates of NOx. The VOC reactivity in the Manaus region was dominated by a high burden of biogenic isoprene from the background rainforest atmosphere, and therefore NOx control is assumed to be the most effective ozone abatement strategy. Both observations and models show that the agglomeration of NOx emission sources, like power plants, in a well-arranged area can decrease the ozone production efficiency in the near field of the urban populated cores. But on the other hand remote areas downwind of the city then bear the brunt, being exposed to increased ozone production and N-deposition. The simulated maximum stomatal ozone uptake fluxes were 4 nmol m−2 s−1 close to Manaus, and decreased only to about 2 nmol m−2 s−1 within a travel distance >1500 km downwind from Manaus, clearly exceeding the critical threshold level for broadleaf trees. Likewise, the simulated N deposition close to Manaus was ~70 kg N ha−1 a−1 decreasing only to about 30 kg N ha−1 a−1 after three days of simulation.

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